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KUR'AN TERCÜMELERİNİN SORUNU: ÇOKANLAMLILIK
2020
Journal:  
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

Her dilde olduğu gibi, Kur’an-ı Kerim’in indirildiği dil olan Arap dilinde de çokanlamlı (müşterek/vücûh) kelimelerin bulunduğu gerçek olup, araştırılması gereken bir alandır. Söz konusu çokanlamlı kelimelerin anlamlarını ve hedef dildeki aktarımının ifade durumu tespit etmek hem Kur’an-ı Kerim’i anlamak, hem de hedef dildeki çevirisi açısından çok önemlidir. Bu kelimelerin anlamlarını tayin aşamasında, ya çokanlamlı kelimenin her geçtiği yerde, diğer anlamlarını görmeksizin ona kelimenin tek bir anlamını vermek veya kelimenin kullanıldığı ortam ve bağlamını göz ardı etmek, birçok anlamdan sadece birisini ona yüklemek bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmamız genel olarak Arap dilindeki çokanlamlılık olgusunun varlığını, söz konusu olguyu Kur’an’ın Rusça çevirilerinde örnekler vererek Kur’an’ın anlaşılması ve yorumlanması hususunda karşılaşılan sorunları tartışmaktadır. Kur’an-ı Kerim, tüm insanlığa gönderilen son kutsal kitaptır ve dili Arapçadır. Hz. Muhammed'in (SAV) zamanından bu yana Kur’an’ın diğer dillere tercüme edilmesine yönelik çok girişim ol-muş ve neticede Kur’an-ı Kerim birçok dile çevrilmiştir. Çevirinin kendisi genellikle çok zor bir süreç olmakla bu süreç kutsal metinler söz konusu olduğu zaman iki katına çıkar. Arapçada da diğer dillerde olduğu gibi çok anlamlılık vardır. Hele hele çokanlamlılık Arapçanın en önemli özelliğidir. Çokanlamlılık sorunu çeviride en zor süreç olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunun nedeni de dilin doğasının devamlı gelişmesi ve değişmesidir. Bilim adamları Kur’an’ın nüzul dönemindeki Arapça kelimelerin anlamlarını belirleme sorununa dikkat çekmişler. Kur’an kelimeleri zikredilmiş oldukları yere, siyak ve sibaka göre muhtelif manalara gelebilmektedirler. Söz konusu çokanlamlılık olayını araştırmamız-da Kur’an’ın Rusçaya çevirilerindeki çok anlamlı kelimeleri örnek vererek ele aldık. Nitekim çokanlamlılık sorunu Kur’an’ın Rusça çevirilerinde de karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kur’an’ın Rusçaya aktarılan tercümelerinin iki çeşit çeviri olduğunu görmekteyiz Kur’an’ın Avrupa Dillerinden Rusçaya çevirisi ve Arapça Orijinallerinden Rusçaya çevirisi. Nitekim Rus okuyucuları başlangıçta Kur’an ile Avrupa Dillerinden çevrilen tercümeler üzerinden tanıştılar. İlk çeviri 1716. senesinde Petr Postnikov tarafından çevrilmiştir. Söz konusu çeviriyi ondan sonra yapılan üç adet çeviri takip etmiştir. Kur’an’ın asıl nüsha Arapça orijinalinden Rusçaya ilk çevirisi 1871’de Dmitriy Boguslavskiy tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Ancak maalesef, çalışmalarını hemen yayınlayamadı. Bu yüzden Kur’an’ın Arapça orijinalinden ilk çevirisinin oryantalist Sablukov Gordiy Semenovich tarafından 1878’de yapıl-dığı ve yayınlandığı bilinmektedir. Şu anda, Kur’an’ın Rusça'ya otuzdan fazla çevirisi bulunmaktadır. Tüm çevirmenlerin Kur’an’ın anlamını Rusçaya en iyi şekilde aktarmaya çalıştıklarını söyleyebiliriz. Bununla beraber Kur’an’ı Rusçaya çeviren tüm çevirmenlerinin iyi düzeyde Arapça bildiğini söyleye-meyiz. Ayrıca bazı çevirmenler genel olarak İslam tarihini tam olarak bilmeyenler de vardı. Bunların yanında çeviri işini de az sayıda insan anladığını varsayabiliriz. Yukarıda bahsettiğimiz gibi Kur’an’ın çevirisinin karmaşıklığının temel nedenlerinden biri ço-kanlamlı (müşterek/vücüh) kelimelerde yatmaktadır. Kur’an’ın ilk tercümanları çokanlamlılık olayını önemini ısrarla vurguladı. Belki de tam da bu nedenle, Kur’an’ın ilk tefsirleri/yorumları esas olarak dil düzeyinde idi diyebiliriz. Ayrıca, Kur’an-ı Kerim’in nüzul sırasında her zamanki Arapça kelimeleri kullanıldığını, ancak zaman zaman bunlar yeni bir anlam ifade ettiğini belirtmek gerekir. Temel olarak, bu yeni anlamların öncelikle dini bir anlamı vardı. Bu konuda çok sayıda örnek verebiliriz. Örneğin, Kur’an’ın gönderil-mesinden önceki “صَلَاة /salat” kelimesinin temelde “دُعَاء /yalvarma” anlamı vardı, fakat önceden hiç “namaz” anlamında kullanılmadı. Örneğin, “zekât” kelimesi için de aynı durum söz konusudur. Bu kelime, İslamiyet’ten önce, esas olarak "büyüme" anlamına geliyordu. Tabii ki, bu anlam Kur’an’da korunur, ancak bu kez kelime esas olarak terminolojik anlamında, yani “İslam’ın beş esasından biri” olarak kullanılır. Kur’an’ı araştıran bilim insanları kutsal yazıları en iyi şekilde anlamak için, hem Arap dilinde hem de Kur’an’da çokanlamlılık ve eşadlılık/eşseslilik konularının esasını/özünü incelemeye çalıştılar. Ço-kanlamlılığın oluşmasının çeşitli nedenleri vardır. Araştırmacılar arasında bu konuda farklı görüşler olduğu belirtilmelidir. Nitekim “bağlam” Kur’an’ın anlamını belirlemede en önemli faktörlerden biri-dir. Ayrıca, herhangi bir çokanlamlı kelimeyi tayin etmede bağlam çok önemlidir. Başka bir deyişle, bağlam sözlü iletişim için bir ön koşuldur.

Keywords:

Complexity of Translations of the Qur’an: Polysemia
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

As in every language, the Qur’an is the Arabic language, which is the language of which the Qur’an is revealed, and it is a sphere that must be investigated. Identifying the meanings of these multi-sensitive words and the expression of the translation in the target language is very important for both understanding the Qur’an and its translation in the target language. In the phase of determining the meanings of these words, or wherever the multi-sensual word passes, giving it a single meaning of the word without seeing the other meanings, or ignoring the environment and context in which the word is used, in many ways it comes to us as a problem to load only one to it. This study in general discusses the existence of the phenomenon of multiplicity in Arabic, giving examples of this phenomenon in the Russian translations of the Qur’an and the problems faced with the understanding and interpretation of the Qur’an. The Qur’an is the last sacred book sent to all mankind and the language is Arabic. by Hz. The Qur’an has been translated into other languages since the time of Muhammad (SAV), and the Qur’an has been translated into many languages. The translation itself is often a very difficult process and this process doubles when it comes to sacred texts. In Arabic, it has a lot of meaning as in other languages. It is the most important characteristic of Arabic. Translation is the most difficult process to face. This is due to the continuous development and change of the language. Scientists have attracted the problem of determining the meaning of the Arabic words in the Quran's Nuzul era. The words of the Qur’an, where they are mentioned, may come according to the siyak and sibaka. We have found the most important examples of the Qur’an in the translations to Russian. In fact, the question of multiplication is also faced in the Russian translations of the Qur’an. We see two kinds of translations of the Qur’an translated into Russian: the translation of the Qur’an from European languages to Russian and the translation from Arabic originals to Russian. In fact, Russian readers first met through translations from the Qur’an and European languages. The first translation was 1716. It was translated by Peter Postnikov. The translation was followed by three translations that followed. The first translation of the Quran from the original Arabic to Russian was made in 1871 by Dmitry Boguslavsky. Unfortunately, he did not publish his work immediately. It is therefore known that the first translation of the Quran from the Arabic original was made and published in 1878 by the orientalist Sablukov Gordi Semenovich. Currently, there are more than thirty translations of the Qur’an into Russian. We can say that all the translators are trying to best translate the meaning of the Qur’an into Russian. But we do not say that all the translators who translate the Qur’an into Russian know the Arabic well. There were also some translators who generally didn’t know exactly the history of Islam. We may also assume that a few people understand the translation work. As we mentioned above, one of the main reasons for the complexity of the translation of the Qur’an lies in multi-blood (customer/body) words. The first translators of the Qur’an insisted on the importance of the fact of multiplicity. Per that’s why the first interpretations of the Qur’an were mainly on the level of language. In addition, it is necessary to note that the Qur’an-i-Kerim used the usual Arabic words during the period, but from time to time they express a new meaning. Basically, these new meanings first had a religious meaning. We can give a lot of examples on this. For example, the word "sallaat" before the Qur'an's message was basically the meaning of "deaat" but was never used in the meaning of "prayer" before. For instance, the same thing is true for the word “success”. This word, before Islamism, essentially meant “growth”. Of course, this meaning is preserved in the Qur’an, but this time the word is mainly used in the terminological meaning, i.e. as “one of the five essences of Islam”. For the best understanding of the Holy Scriptures, the scientists who studied the Qur’an tried to study the essence of the subjects of multiplicity and equality/sexuality in both the Arabic and the Qur’an. There are various reasons for the formation of multi-bloodness. It should be noted that there are different opinions between the researchers on this issue. In fact, the "link" is one of the most important factors in determining the meaning of the Qur'an. In addition, the context is very important in defining any multi-sensitive word. In other words, the context is a prerequisite for oral communication.

Keywords:

The Complexity Of Qur'an Translation: Polysemy
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

As any other language, Arabic, as the language of the Koran, has polysemantic words (vudjuh); this area is not studied well and it needs special attention. It is very important to determine the meaning of polysemantic words and their translations in the target language, to understanding and translate the Koran. While defining the single meaning out of the polysemy, it is quite necessary to look all other meanings in the dictionary; also the context and the speech situation should be considered. This study discusses the polysemy in the Arabic language; the issues in understanding and interpretation of the Koran are analyzed on the basis of the examples in the Russian translations of the Koran. The Koran is the last Holy Book sent to all humanity in Arabic. Since the time of Muhammad (pbuh) there have been many attempts to translate the Koran into other languages. As a result, the Koran was translated into many languages. Translation itself is a very complex process and when it comes to the Holy Books, the translation process gets more complicated. In Arabic, as in other languages, there are many polyse-mantic words that have many different meanings. We argue that polysemy is the most important and distinct feature of the Arabic language and therefore, the problem of poly-semy is the most complex issue in the translation process. Scholars drew attention to the problem of defining the root meanings of the Arabic words during the Koran era. The words of the Koran may have different meanings depend-ing on where they are mentioned. In our research, we studied the polysemantic words in the several translations of the Koran into Russian based on the examples. Translations of the Koran into Russian were done in two ways: some translations were done into Russian via European languages; some of the translations were done directly from Arabic into Rus-sian. In fact, the Russian readers started to read the Koran in the translations via European languages. Peter Postnikov fulfilled the first Russian translation in 1716. After this translation another three translations emerged. Dmitry Boguslavsky did the first direct translation of the Koran from the source Arabic language into Russian in 1871. Unfortunately, he could not publish his work immediately. Thus, the first direct translation of the Koran from the source Arabic language was done and published by the orientalist Sablukov Gordiy Se-menovich in 1878. Currently, there are more than thirty translation of the Koran in Russia. We argue that all translators try to convey the best meaning of the Koran into Russian. However, not all the translators developed Arabic language proficiency. Some of the translators did not have any knowledge on the history of Islam. In addition, not all translators did their best in the translation process. As the topic discusses, the translation of the polysemantic words is one of the most complicated issues in translating Koran into other languages. It should be noted that the Koran uses the Arabic common vocabulary, but over time they acquired the new meanings. In fact, these new meanings own predominantly religious semantics. There are many examples in this regard. For example, the word "صَلَاة /salat" had the meaning “invocation/دعاء ” before the Koran was sent ; it was never used to mean "prayer / namaz". The same is with the word "zakat". It meant "growth" before Is-lam. Of course, this meaning is preserved in the Koran, but in present time this word is mainly used as a term “to denote”. The Koran scholars tried to study the importance of the synonym / homonym problems both in Arabic and in the Koran in order to better understand the Holy Books. There are different reasons for the polysemy of a word. It should be noted that there are different opinions among researchers on this matter. In fact, "context" is one of the most important factors in defining the meaning of words in the Koran. Moreover, context is very important in determining any polysemy. In other words, context is a very important element for ver-bal communication.

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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Article : 251
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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi