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  Citation Number 3
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Kelâm’da “ta‘lîm-i Esmâ”: Dil Teorileri Bağlamında İlâhî Mânaların İsimlendirilmesi Meselesi
2020
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

Kur’ân’da, Bakara Sûresinin 31. ayetinde, Hz. Âdem’e bütün isimlerin öğretildiği belirtilmektedir. Söz konusu âyet, ilâhî kudretin dilin kaynağı üzerinde belirleyici olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte insanların sürekli yeni düşünceler keşfettikleri, kavramları belirtmek üzere semboller icat ettikleri bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu durum dinî düşüncede özellikle dil ve hakikat arasında mutlak ve statik ile mukayyet ve dinamik olanı bağdaştırmayı zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu nedenle kelâmcılar da tarihsel süreçte Kur’ân’da işaret edilen hakikatlerin mutlak boyutu ile hayatın yenilikçi ve dinamik boyutu arasında bir anlama ve anlamlandırma faaliyetini icra etmişlerdir. Bu sorumluluk günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Fakat modern dönemde, dil, düşünce ve varlık ilişkisinin kelâm düşüncesinde neye tekâbül ettiğini tespit etmek için öncelikle konunun klasik kelâm kaynaklarındaki izdüşümlerini bilmek gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla tasarlanmış çalışmamızda ta‘lim-i esmâ meselesi bağlamında ilâhî mânaların isimlendirilmesinin hakikat ve değeri irdelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda araştırmada öncelikle dil teorilerine, dil düşünce ilişkisine ve ilâhî mânaları belirtmek üzere kurucu kaynaklarda kullanılan isimlerin tevkîfî olup olmadığı meselesine odaklanılmıştır. Esasında ta‘lîm-i esmâ konusu, Kur’ân merkezli bir mesele olmasına rağmen zât-sıfat ilişkisi ve halku’l-Kur’ân gibi gerilimli tartışmaların gölgesinde kalmıştır. Bununla birlikte kelâmcıların zât-sıfat, halku’l-Kur’ân, hüsün ve kubûh meselelerine yaklaşımlarından hareketle onların ilâhî mânaların isimlendirilmesi konusundaki görüşlerine ulaşmak mümkün olmuştur. Araştırmada görüleceği üzere kelâmcıların ta‘lîm-i esmâ meselesine yaklaşımları onların zât ve sıfat anlayışları ile paralellik arz etmektedir. Zira Allah’ın bir ismi olması bakımından bazı kelimelerin hem anlam hem de lafız olarak kadîm bir belirlenmişliğe sahip olup olmadığı meselesinin ortaya çıkması aynı zamanda Kelâm’da ilâhî mahiyet konusundaki tartışmaların bir devamıdır. İlâhî isimler ezelî bir belirlenmişliğe sahipse, bu durumda her ismin Allah’a izafe edilmesinin kaynağı da ezelî olacaktır. Ayrıca beşer dilinde ifade bulan isimler, Allah’ın adları ile aynı ise bu da tecsîme yol açacaktır. İsimler Allah’ın zâtından ayrı ve gayrıdır denilse birden fazla ezelî ve ebedî varlık olacaktır. Bu kadar çok sayıda ezelî ve ebedî varlığın bulunması ise tevhîd ilkesine aykırıdır. Ne var ki sıfat ile zâtın zihinde birbirinden ayrılması ile dış dünyada bir ve beraber bulunması arasındaki ayrım fark edilmediği durumlarda sıfatlar, zâtın dışında ve ondan bağımsız, zâta zâid şeyler gibi anlaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Mu‘tezilî kelâmcılar Allah’ın zâtını hâdis niteliklerde tenzîh ederken kıdem kavramına büyük önem vermişler, âlemle ilişkili olan ilâhî eylemleri, zâtla özdeş yetkinliklerle temellendirdikleri için âlemde tahakkuk eden bütün varlıkları muhdes kategorisine almışlardır. Bu nedenle, her ne kadar Allah’ın zâtı ile alîm olduğu belirtilse de ilâhî ilmin zaman ve mekân koşullarındaki ontolojik ve epistemolojik tahakkuku âlemin muhdesliği içinde tasarlanmıştır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Mu‘tezilî kelâmcılara göre Kur’ân’da belirtilen isimler tıpkı Kur’ân’ın kendisi gibi hâdistir. Bunlar mâna itibari ile ilâhî ilmin sınırları içinde olmakla birlikte kelimeleri itibari ile beşerîdir. Dolayısıyla Ebû Ali Cübbâî’de karşılık bulduğu üzere insanların konuşmalarında Allah’ı tarif etmek üzere kullandıkları bu isimler ıstılâhîdir. Allah’ın zât ve sıfatlarını bir iletişim dili içinde belirtmek için dilin diğer kelimeleri gibi insanlar tarafından uzlaşma ile belirlenmiştir. Allah vahiy esnasında bu kelimelerle insanlara hitap etmiştir. Sonuç olarak Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları isim ve müsemmâ ilişkisini ıstılâhî görürken Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları meseleyi Allah’ın her şeyi yaratmasını temel alan büyük resmin içinde konumlandırmışlardır. Üçüncü bir yol olarak ortaya çıkan meleke ya da kuvve teorisine bazı Eş‘arî ve Mâtürîdî kelâmcıları destek vermişlerdir. Bu bağlamda vahyi kavramsal olarak Allah’a, söz değeri bakımından insana tahsis eden Mâtürîdî’nin görüşlerinin, meleke teorisine uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords:

In The Words Of The Holy Prophet (peace and Blessings Of Allah Be Upon Him), The Word Of The Holy Prophet (peace and Blessings Of Allah Be Upon Him) Is The Word Of The Holy Prophet (peace and Blessings Of Allah Be Upon Him).
2020
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

In the Qur’an, in the 31st verse of the Qur’an, All the names are taught to Adam. The Qur’an says that the Qur’an is the source of the word. However, it is a known fact that people are constantly discovering new ideas, inventing symbols to indicate concepts. This situation makes it necessary in religious thinking to harmonize the absolute and static and the comparative and dynamic, especially between language and truth. Therefore, the speakers have also performed an understanding and understanding activity between the absolute dimension of the truths marked in the Qur’an in the historical process and the innovative and dynamic dimension of life. This responsibility continues today. But in the modern era, it is necessary to know the distortions of the subject in the classical vocabulary sources first to determine what the language, thought and existence relationship coincides in the vocabulary thought. In this purpose, our work designed for the ta'lim-i esmâ issue in the context of the name and value of the divine monasters. In this context, the research focused primarily on the language theories, the language thinking relationship and the question of whether the names used in the founding sources to indicate the divine monastic. In fact, the subject of the Qur’an is a central issue, but it remains in the shadow of the zât-sfat relationship and the tension of the people of the Qur’an. They are the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, the people of the world, and the people of the world. As the researchers see, the approach to the ta'l-ma'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ'mâ The discovery of the question of whether some words have a permanent determination in terms of being a name of God is also a continuation of the discussions on the subject of the divine virtue in the Quran. If the name of God has a distinctive determination, then the source of the name to God is also distinctive. The names in the human language are the same as the names of God, and this will lead to the expression. If the names are distinct from God’s wrath and unrighteous, it will be more than one wrath and eternal existence. There are so many and so many things that are untruthful and untruthful, and there are so many things that are untruthful. But in the circumstances where the separation between the sort and the zate in the mind and the existence of one and the other in the outside world is not noticeable, the sort is understood as the separate and independent of the zate, the zate, the zate. In this context, the Mu'tezilic speakers gave great importance to the concept of God's worship in the qualities of Haddad, and the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship of God. Therefore, even though it is stated that God is al-Mahdi with the zât, the divine knowledge in the onthological and epistemological circumstances of time and place is designed in the universe’s consensus. The name of the Qur’an is the same as the name of the Qur’an, the name of the Qur’an is the same as the name of the Qur’an. These are the words of the Holy Spirit and the words of the Holy Spirit and the words of the Holy Spirit and the words of the Holy Spirit. Thus, the names that they use to describe Allah in their speech, as they find the answer in Abu Ali Qubai, are painful. It is determined by consensus by people like the other words of the language to indicate God’s zât and qualities in a communication language. God has spoken to the people with these words. As a result, the Mu'tezile speakers see the name and the relationship of the Muslims as painful, the Ehl-i Sunnit speakers put the matter in the big picture that is based on the creation of all things. Thirdly, the angels and the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes of the tribes. In this context, the revelation has been found to be concrete to Allah, the Maturidi’s views which are attributed to man in terms of word value, according to the theory of the angel.

Keywords:

The Theory Of Ta‘lim Al-asma In Kalâm: The Matter Of Naming Divine Meanings In The Context Of Language
2020
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

In the verse (2:31) of the Qur’ān, it is mentioned that all names were taught to Adam (PBUH). This verse indicates that revelation is decisively the source of language. On the other hand, it is a common fact that people have been constantly producing symbols to express new ideas and concepts. This situation makes it necessary to associate the utterance (muṭlaq) and static with the relative (al-muqayyah) and dynamic between language and reality in religious thought. In the historical process, Mutakallims have undertaken the responsibility of understanding and interpretation between the transcendent dimension of the religion (ad-Dīn) indicated in the Qur’ān and the innovative and dynamic dimension of life. The Mutakallims’ responsibility continues today. However, to establish the relationship among language, thought, and existence in today’s kalâm, it is necessary to identify the roots of this subject in kalām’s classical sources. In our study designed for this purpose, the truth and value of naming divine meanings in the context of ta‘līm al-asmā’ are examined. On the other hand, since dealing with such a large subject in a limited study is not possible, it is just focused on the research of linguistic theories, the relationship between language and thought, and the issue of whether the names used in the main sources to indicate the meanings are divinely determined (tawqīfī). In fact, it has been determined that the subject of ta'līm al-asmā’ is overshadowed by the vehement debates over the createdness of the Qur’ān (Khalq al-Qur’ān) and the relationship between Allāh’s essence and His attributes, although it is a Qur’ān-centered issue. As can be seen in the study, the approach of the Mutakallims to the issue of ta‘līm al-asmā’ is parallel to their understanding of Allāh’s essence and His attributes. As stated in this research, if the divine names were determined by Allāh, then Allāh’s names will be eternal. Besides, if the names expressed in human languages are the same as the essence of Allāh, this will lead to the problem of eternality. If it is said that the names are separated and unrelated from Allāh’s essence, there will be also more than one independent and eternal being. The idea of multiple eternal beings is against the principle of tawḥīd. However, in cases where the distinction between attributes and essence of Allāh is separated from each other in the mind, it causes attributes to be considered as something existing independently of the essence of Allāh. Therefore, as stated in the study, Mu‘tazilite theologians, who were very sensitive about this issue, attached great importance to the concept of eternity (qadīm) while transcending the essence of Allāh from the attributes of the created. As they appealed to tanzīh by which they transcend Him from all the originated things in time, they were focused on His eternality (qidam). In this regard, all His actions concerning the universe are regarded as temporal, in other words, originated in time (ḥādith). From this point of view, according to them, Allāh’s names specified in the Qur’ān are created just like the Qur’ān itself. Although their meanings are within the boundaries of the Divine Knowledge, their wordings (lafiẓ) belong to humans. Therefore, these names (asmâ’) that people use to describe Allāh in their speech, as Abū ‘Alī al-Jubbā’ī argues, are determined by the convention of the human. It has been determined by people via consensus, like other words of the language, to indicate the essence and attributes of Allāh in a language because of communication. Then, Allāh has sent down His message to people with these words. The conclusion that Mu‘tazilite theologians have regarded the connection of names with the meanings in Allāh’s knowledge as a linguistic use, while Sunnī theologians have addressed this issue based on the creative act (Khalq) of Allāh. There is another explanation which is known as the theory of faculty or habitus as an alternative way. Some Ash‘arî and Māturīdī theologians supported this theory. Today, the importance of this new perspective is clear, which appears another association of both ideas. In this context, it has been determined that the views of Māturīdī, who attributes the content (or meaning) of revelation (waḥy) to Allāh while arguing that its wordings belong to humans, are more appropriate to the theory of the faculty (malakah).

Keywords:

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Kader

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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