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  Citation Number 1
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HADİS USÛLÜNDE EGEMEN SAHİH HADİS TANIMI VE PROBLEMLERİ
2020
Journal:  
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

Hadis dinin ikinci temel kaynağıdır. Bunun için hadislerin Hz. Peygamber’e aidiyetinin tespiti önem arz etmektedir. Hadislerin Hz. Peygamber’e aidiyetinin aslına uygun bir şekilde tespit edilebilmesi, muhaddisler başta olmak üzere İslam âlimlerinin tamamının ilgilendiği bir konu olmuştur. Dolayısıyla başta muhaddisler olmak üzere alimler hadislerin Hz. Peygamber’e aidiyetinin tespiti için usuller geliştirmişlerdir. Bu alimler hadislerin Hz. Peygamber’e aidiyetinin aslına uygun bir şekilde tespit edilebilmesi için birçok farklı kriterler geliştirmiş ve sahih hadis tanımlarını yapmışlardır. İslâm âlimleri hadislerin sıhhatinin tespitini sağlayacak muhtelif bazı tanımlar ortaya koymuş olsalar da genel kabul gören sahih hadis tanımı İbnu’s-Salâh tarafından, ancak hicri VII. YY’da yapılmıştır. Günümüzde genel kabul gören sahih hadis tanımı İbnu’s-Salâh tarafından yapılmış olan tanımdır. Bu egemen tanıma göre hadisin sahih olabilmesi için, ravinin adalet ve zabt sahibi olması, senedin muttasıl olması ve rivayetin şâz ve muallel olmaması gerekir. İbnu’s-Salâh’ın yapmış olduğu bu tanımın şartlarında ve şartların yorumlanmasında muhaddisler arasında ihtilaf bulunmaktadır. Nitekim birçok muhaddis bu tanımın isnad merkezli olduğunu ve senedin sahih olmasının metnin doğruluğunu garanti etmediğini ifade etmiştir. Tanımda ifade edilen kirterlerin değerlendirilmesindeki problemleri şöyle özetlemek mümkündür: İttisal şartı: Hadisin senedinde kopukluk olmaması anlamına gelen ittisal şartı, muhaddislerin çoğunluğu tarafından aranan bir şarttır. Ancak ittisalin nasıl meydana geldiği konusunda bir ittifaktan söz etmek mümkün olmamaktadır. İlk muhaddislerin çoğu ittisal şartını zorunlu görmemiştir. İlk hadis kaynaklarında da böyle bir ayırıma gidilmemiştir. Ehl-i Re’y âlimleri mürselleri kabul etmiştir. Makalede görüleceği üzere ittisal şartı bütün âlimlerce aranan bir şart olmamıştır. Zabt Şartı: Zabt, muhaddislerce genel kabul gören sahih hadis tanımının bir şartıdır. Zabt, bir ravinin, öğrenmiş olduğu hadisi, başkasına rivayet edinceye kadar öğrendiği şekliyle hafızasında tutması ve lüzumu halinde aynen tekrarlayabilmesidir. İbnu’s-Salâh’ın hadisin sıhhati için aramış olduğu zabt şartına birçok muhaddis karşı çıkmıştır. Nitekim bir ravinin hafızasının kuvvetinin ölçülmesi gö recelidir. Muhaddisler aynı ravinin zabt özelliği konusunda farklı hükümler verebilmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla zabt, kriterin tespiti ve uygulanması noktasında problemlere neden olmuştur. Mesela sahabeler birbirlerini unutkanlıkla itham etmiş olmalarına rağmen, zabt şartını taşımadıklarından dolayı cerh edilmemişlerdir. Şâz ve Muallel Olmama Şartı: Muhaddislerce genel kabul gören tanımın bir diğer şartı da hadisin şâz ve muallel olmamasıdır. Muhaddislerin şâz ve illet kriterleri ile metin tenkidi yapmış oldukları iddia edilmiştir. Bu iki kriterin metin tenkidiyle ilgili olup olmadığı araştırıldığında aslında bunların da isnad ve ravi ile ilgili kriterler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Muhaddislerce yapılmış olan tanımlardan da bu anlaşılmaktadır. En muteber şâz tanımı şöyledir: “Sika ravinin kendisinden daha sika olan bir raviye muhalif olarak rivayet ettiği hadistir. Hadis usûlünde egemen olan İbnu’s-Salâh’ın sahih hadis tanımına yöneltilmesi gereken en önemli eleştiri, metin tenkidini ihmal etmesi ve daha çok “isnad merkezli” bir tanım olmasıdır. Bu nokta o kadar önemlidir ki, bugün hadisler konusunda –sübut açısından- karşı karşıya bulunduğumuz problemlerin çoğunun, hadis tenkidinin raviler çerçevesinde yapılmış olmasından ve metin tenkidinin bazı şekli değerlendirmeleri aşamamış olmasından kaynaklandığını ifade etmemizde bir beis yoktur. İsnadın sahih olmasını hadisin sıhhati için yeterli gören muhaddislere göre metni Kur’an’a, meşhur sünnete veya akla arz etmek gereksizdir. Ayrıca fakihlerde olduğu gibi, hadis ile amel edilip edilmemesi de muhaddislere göre bir kriter değildir. Bunun sonucu olarak sika ravilerin yanılabileceği gerçeği göz ardı edilmiş ve dinin ikinci temel kaynağı olan hadislerin sıhhati konusunda ciddi problemler meydana gelmiştir. Aslında birçok muhaddisin: “Bir hadis için “sahih” denildiği zaman mutlak anlamda sahih olmadığı, bir hadis hakkında “sahih değil”dir denildiği zaman da mutlak anlamda böyle olmayacağıdır” şeklinde açıklamada bulunmuş olmaları, hadisler hakkında verilmiş olan hükmün mutlak olmadığını ifade etmektedir. Muhaddislerin bu açıklamalarıyla hadisler hakkında verilen hükmün sadece isnada yönelik olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durum birçok alimin de işaret ettiği gibi klasik hadis usûlünün en önemli zaafını teşkil etmektedir. Dolayısıyla gibi birçok âlim hadislerin sıhhatinin tespiti için isnad tenkidinin tek başına yeterli olmadığını, metin tenkidinin de yapılmasının gerekliliğini ifade etmişlerdir. 

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The problem and the problem of the headset.
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

Hadis is the second main source of religion. This is the HZ. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is the Prophet (peace and blessings). by Hz. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one. Thus, the first of them is the worship of the worshippers. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). These are the Hs. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had developed many different criteria to identify his belonging to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in a proper way. If the Islamic people have revealed some definitions that will ensure the identification of the healthi of the hadiths, the general acceptance of the true hadith is defined by Ibn 's-Salâh, only Hicri VII. It was made in Y. Today, the general recognition of the true hadith is the definition made by Ibnu’s-Salâh. In order to be true according to this righteous recognition, the righteous must be the righteous and the righteous must be the righteous and the righteous must not be the righteous and the righteous must not be the righteous. There is a dispute between the terms and conditions of this definition that Ibn Salâh made and the interpretation of the terms. Indeed, many hadiths have stated that this definition is based on the isnad and that the authenticity of the word does not guarantee the correctness of the text. It is possible to summarize the problems in the assessment of the curtains expressed in the definition as follows: It is the condition: the state condition that means that there is no gap in the hadith is a condition that is sought by the majority of the hadiths. However, it is not possible to speak of an alliance about how it was formed. The majority of the first hadids did not see their state condition obligatory. There was no such distinction in the first Hades sources. And the people of the righteous rejoiced them. As you can see in the article, the state condition was not a requirement that all the allies were looking for. Zabt condition: Zabt is a condition of the definition of the true hadith that is generally accepted by the hadiths. Zabt is that a rabbin keeps the story he has learned in his memory in the way he has learned until he rejects to another and can repeat it exactly in his fault. There is a lot of people who are calling for Ibn ‘Abdullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) for the purposes of the Qur’an. The measurement of the strength of the memory of a ravin is indeed reckless. The judges could give different judgments on the characteristics of the same ravin. Therefore, Zabt has caused problems at the point of identification and implementation of the criteria. For example, even if they have forgotten each other, they have not been charged because they have not carried the condition of the zabt. The condition of being Shaz and Muallel: The other condition of the definition that is accepted by Muhammad is that the hadith is not Shaz and Muallel. They claimed that they had made the worship of the worship and the worship of the worship. When it is examined whether these two criteria are related to the text text, it is clear that they are also criteria related to the isnad and the therapy. This is also clear from the definitions made by the messengers. The most famous of them is: “The most famous of them is the most famous of them, the most famous of them is the most famous of them.” The most important criticism that should be directed to the definition of the true hadith of Ibn al-Sala’ah, which is dominant in the hadith process, is that he ignores the text and is a more “isnad-centric” definition. This point is so important that today we have a lot of the problems we are facing in the case of hadiths - from the subjective point of view - because the hadith was made in the framework of the rabbits and the text had not exceeded some forms of evaluation. It is not necessary to add the text to the Qur’an, the famous Sunnah, or the wisdom, according to those who consider it sufficient for the healing of the hadith. As well as in the Faiths, whether or not the Hadith is operated is not a criterion according to the Mahades. As a result of this, the fact that the siffy rabies may be misleading has been ignored and serious problems have arisen with the healing of the hadiths, which are the second basic source of religion. In fact, many of you have been explained in the form of: "When a hadith is said 'sakhih' it is not absolute in the sense of true; when a hadith is said 'sakhih' it is not absolute in the sense of true; the judgment given about the hadith is not absolute. The judgment of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is clear that the judgment of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is only the judgment of the Prophet. This situation, as many scientists indicate, constitutes the most important weakness of the classic hadith process. Therefore, as many al-Hadiths have expressed the need for the identification of the health of the isnad tenkide alone is not sufficient, and the text tenkide is also necessary.

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The Dominant Definition Of Ṣaḥīḥ Hadith and Problems In Hadith Methodology
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

Hadith is the second main source of the religion. For this, the most important issue about hadiths is to determine if the belong to the Prophet or not. The determination in a proper way of whether the hadiths belong to the Prophet was a subject of interest for many Islamic scholars, especially the muhaddiths. Therefore, the hadith scholars developed procedures for the determination of their belonging to the Prophet. In particular, the scholars called as muhaddiths made a great effort in this regard. They developed many different criteria and made authentic hadith definitions in order to clear the issue. Although Islamic scholars put forward various definitions that wiould determine the accuracy of the hadiths, the common definition of sound hadith was coined by Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ in 7th century AH. Today, it is the common definition of sound hadith. According to this dominant definition, in order for a hadith to be authentic, the narrators must posses the quality of justice / adāla and a great memory, the chain of conveyors of the hadith must not be broken, and the narration must be faultless and must not contratict any hadith of higher acceptance. There is a controversy among the muhaddiths over the conditions of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ’s definition and and their interpretations. Therefore, this definition is not to solve the problem. As a matter of fact, many scholars state that this definition is centered on isnād (attribution), and that the authenticity of the chain of conveyors does not guarantee the accuracy of the text. It is possible to summarize the problems in the mentioned definition. The criterion the narrators should fulfill is that the chain of conveyors cannot be broken, and this criterion is sought by most of the muhaddths. Let’s take a look at another of them: Dhabt. Dhabt is the condition that commands a narrator to have a great memory, and is generally accepted by most of the muhaddiths. To fulfill the dhabt a narrator must learn any hadith by heart as he’d narrate it to someone else intact, and he must be able to repeat it in exact form if necessary. Indeed, it is relative to measure the strength of a narrator’s memory. The muhaddiths were to make different evaluations concerning the dhabt of the same narrator. The most important criticism that should be directed at Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ’s definition of authentic hadith, which is dominant in the hadith methodology, is that it lacks text criticism, and it is more of an “isnād centered” definition. This point is so important that there isn’t any trouble in expressing that most of the problems we face regarding the hadiths are due to the fact that the hadith criticism was applied only to the narrators, and that the text criticism could not go beyond a loose structure. It is unnecessary to present the text to the Qur’an, the famous sunnah or the reason, according to the muhaddiths who consider it sufficient to have the hadith with a sound isnād. In addition, it is not a criterion to act upon the hadith according to the muhaddiths just as it is, to the faqihs. As a result, the fact that siqa narrators could be faulty was ignored and serious problems occurred regarding the soundness of the hadiths, which are the second main source of the religion. In fact, many of the followers stated that, when they labe a hadith as “sound”, it is not to be absolutely authentic, and when they label it “not sound”, it does not necessarily mean that the provision over the hadith is absolute. It is understood that a verdict rendered to the hadith in accordance with these explanations is only for the chain of conveyors. This situation, as many scholars pointed out, constitutes the most important weakness of the classical hadith methodology. Therefore, many scholars stated that the isnād criticism alone is not sufficient for the determination of the soundness of the hadiths, and that the criticism of texts must be conducted. In addition, another one of the most important shortcomings of this definition is that the Prophet’s position and mission were not taken into account in the definition. There must be ways to fulfill the conditions of soundness not only contented with the soundness of the narrator and the chain of conveyors just like in the classical sense, but also with the perception of the Prophet in religion, and a conception of the Prophet.

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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi