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Ḳ-d-m (ق، د، م) Koku Uzerine Morfolojik ve Semantik Bir İnceleme
2022
Dergi:  
Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi
Yazar:  
Özet:

Kelimeler de tıpkı canlı bir organizma gibi doğma, gelişme, değişme, zayıflama gibi özelliklerle bir hareketlilik içerisindedirler. Zaman ve mekâna göre kelime ve kavramların yeni anlam kazanması, anlamlarının değişmesi, genişlemesi, daralması gibi değişikliklere uğraması, aslında tabiatın değişim ilkesiyle paralellik arz etmektedir. Nitekim belirli bir zamanda belirli bir anlamda kullanılan bir kelime, başka bir zamanda başka bir anlamda kullanılabilmektedir. Hatta zıt bir anlam dahi kazanabilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra din, düşünce, meslek, teknoloji gibi pek çok husus kelimelerin sözlük anlamı dışında terim olarak başka anlam çerçevelerinde değerlendirilmesine sebep olmuştur. Söz gelimi ilahi vahyin insanlara ulaştırılmasından sonra, Ḳur’ân kelimelerinin büyük çoğunluğu Cahiliye döneminde bilinmekle birlikte salât, savm, zekât, cihâd, cennet, cehennem, ahiret, vacip, haram, mekruh, farz gibi bağlama göre uğradıkları anlamsal değişim ve dönüşüme bağlı olarak dinî birer terim haline gelen kelimelerin sayısı da pek çoktur. Devam eden süreçte Ḳur’ân’dan sonra Ḳur’ân çalışmaları kapsamında farklı İslâmî ilimlerde terimleşen kavramlar da vardır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmada Yüce Allah’ın el-Muḳaddim ismi ile el- Ḳıdem sıfatının da kök harflerini oluşturan ḳ-d-m köklü kelimelerin kavram ve anlam serüveni ele alınmış, dilbilimsel ve tarihsel semantiği araştırılmıştır. Bu kökteki kelimelerin etimolojisi, morfolojisi, lügat ve ıstılah anlamları ortaya konduktan sonra kronolojik olarak Cahiliye ve İslam dönemlerinde kullanım durumları, İslâmî ilimlerde ve günümüzde belirli alanlarda terimleşme durumu incelenmiştir. Söz konusu kelimelerin nüzul döneminde Ḳur’ân ve hadislerde kullanıldıkları ve edindikleri anlamlar irdelenmiştir. Ḳ-d-m köklü kelimeler ele alınırken ilk olarak sözlükler, Cahiliye dönemi şiir divanları, şiir mecmuaları, Arap atasözlerini ele alan eserler ile başta tefsir ve hadis kaynakları olmak üzere diğer İslâmî ilimlerin temel kaynakları taranmıştır. Söz konusu kökteki kelimelerin temel anlamları, dönemlere ve ilimlere göre kazandıkları anlamlar, geçirdiği anlam değişikleri ortaya konmuştur. Musikiden belagata, mantıktan İslâm hukukuna kadar birçok ilim dalında kullanılan ḳ-d-m köklü terimlerde, kelimenin sözlük anlamına göre bazen genişleme bazen de sınırlılık kazandığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, hem dönemlere kelimenin anlam durumunu hem de muhtelif ilimlerde edindiği farklı anlamları görmek açısından önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmanın sonunda ḳ-d-m kökünün esas anlamlarının “gelmek, ilerlemek, ayak, eski” olduğu görülmüştür. Kökün farklı türevleriyle birlikte ihtiva ettiği anlamların ise “önce gelmek, öne geçmek, ilerlemek, cesur olmak, atılmak, varmak, ulaşmak, hazır bulunmak, gelmek, yönelmek, kastetmek, eskimek, eskide kalmak, üzerinden uzun zaman geçmek, takdim etmek, sunmak, teklif etmek, öne almak, öne sürmek, ilerlemek, öne geçmek” gibi manalar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yine çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlardan biri, ḳ-d-m köklü kelimelerin Ḳur’ân’daki kullanımlarının genellikle sözlük anlamı çerçevesinde olduğudur. Ancak bazı kelimelere bağlama göre farklı anlamların da verildiği anlaşılmıştır. Allah’ın isimlerinden biri olarak el-Muḳaddim’in “Allah’ın kendi irade ve tercihine göre hükmen veya fiilen öne geçirilmesi gereken şeyi öne geçiren, varlıkları kendine yaklaştıran, yüce rütbeler veren” manasında Allah’a nispet edilmesi kelimeye geniş ve mutlakıyet kazandırmıştır. Aynı kökten ḳıdem kelimesi ise Allah’ın bir sıfatı olarak kullanılmıştır. Yine Allah’ın bir sıfatı olarak kullanıldığında kelimenin anlamında bir genişleme söz konusu olup “Allah’ın varlığının başlangıcının bulunmaması ve başkasına ihtiyaç duymaksızın var olması” şeklinde bir mana kazanmıştır. Ḳ-d-m kökünün başka kelimelerle oluşturduğu terkip, sözlük anlamı dışında muhtelif alanlarda terimler de ortaya çıkardığı görülmüştür. Nitekim “Muḳaddime” kitap için “kitabın içeriği, yazılış amacı, üslubu hakkında özet bilgiler veren ilk sayfaları, önsöz, mukaddime”, mantıkta kıyasta kendilerinden sonucun çıkarıldığı önermelerden her biri için kullanılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

- D-m (-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2022
Yazar:  
Özet:

The words are in a movement with characteristics such as birth, development, change, weakening, as a living organism. According to time and space, the gain of new meaning of words and concepts, the change of their meanings, the expansion, the narrowing of them, is in fact parallel with the principle of change of nature. In fact, a word used in a certain meaning at a certain time can be used in another meaning at another time. It can even win a contradictory meaning. In addition, many aspects such as religion, thought, profession, technology have caused the words to be evaluated in other meaning frameworks as a term other than the dictionary meaning. There is a great deal of people who have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told that they have been told. There are several ways in which it is possible to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out how to find out what to do. In this direction in this study the concept and meaning of the ḳ-d-m rooted words that make up the root letters of the name of the Supreme Allah's el-Muḳaddim and the el- idim status, the linguistic and historical semanticity has been studied. The etimology of the words in this root, the morphology, the significance of lies and suffering, has been chronologically studied in the periods of ignorance and Islam, in the Islamic sciences and in certain areas today. The word is used and used in the Qur’an and in the Qur’an and in the Qur’an. When discussed the rooted words, first dictionaries, the ignorance period poems, poems, works that deal with Arabic speech, and the main sources of other Islamic sciences, including the interpretation and hadith, were scaned. The basic meanings of the words in the corner, the meanings they gain according to the periods and the sciences, the meaning they experience has been revealed. From music to belagata, from logic to Islamic law, in many fields of science, the root term ḳ-d-m has seen that the word has sometimes gained limitations in terms of dictionary meaning. This study has an importance for both periods in terms of seeing the meaning of the word and the different meanings it is acquired in various sciences. At the end of the study, the main meanings of the ḳ-d-m root were "coming, advancing, foot, old". The meaning that the root contains along with its different derivatives is defined as “being first, moving forward, moving forward, being brave, being thrown forward, getting forward, getting ready, coming forward, moving forward, thinking, getting old, staying old, passing long time, presenting, offering, offering, taking forward, moving forward, moving forward, moving forward.” Again, one of the results obtained in the study is that the use of ḳ-d-m root words in 'ân is usually within the vocabulary meaning framework. However, it is clear that some words are linked to different meanings. As one of the names of Allah, al-Muḳaddim has given the meaning of "Allah's righteousness and mutuality to the word" in the meaning of "Allah's righteousness and mutuality to the word" in the meaning of "Allah's righteousness and mutuality to the word" in the meaning of "Allah's righteousness and mutuality to the word" in the meaning of "Allah's righteousness and mutuality to the word" in the meaning of "Allah's righteousness and mutuality to the word". The same word is used as a righteousness of God. Once again, when used as a rule of God, a extension in the meaning of the word has been made and a man has gained in the form of "that the beginning of the existence of God is not available and that there is no need for anyone else." The root of -d-m is left with other words, and it has been seen to reveal terms in various fields other than the dictionary meaning. In fact, "Muḳaddime" for the book is used for "the first pages of the book that give summary information about the contents, the purpose of writing, the style, the prejudice, the summary", in logic, for each of the suggestions that the result is derived from them.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

A Morphological and Semantical Analysis On The Root Word Q-d-m (ق، د، م)
2022
Yazar:  
Özet:

Words, like a living organism, are in a dynamic state which contain features such as birth, development, change and weakening. The fact that words and concepts gain new meanings according to time and space, their meanings change and undergo changes such as expansion, contraction, in fact, stand parallel with the principle of change of nature. As a matter of fact, a word used in a certain sense at a certain time can be used in another sense at another time. And it can even have an opposite meaning. In addition, many factors such as religion, thought, profession, technology have caused the words to be used to convey different meanings from their lexical ones. For example, after the divine revelation was delivered to people, most of the words stated in Qur’an were known in the period of Ignorance, but due to the semantic changes and transformations they underwent because of the context in which these word were revealed, there has become many words such as salah, savm, zakat, jihad, heaven, hell, afterlife, wajib, haram, makruh, fard that gained new terminological meanings pertaining to Religion. In the ongoing process, there were also concepts that are termed in different Islamic sciences after Qur’an within the scope of Qur’an studies. According to that, in this study, the concept and semantic adventure of ḳ-d-m rooted words, which form the root letters of Almighty Allah’s name al-Muḳaddim and the adjective al-Ḳıdem are discussed while the linguistic and historical semantics are explored. After revealing the etymological, morphological, lexical and terminological meanings of the words derived from this root word, their usage in the Ignorance and Islamic periods, the terminology in Islamic sciences and in certain fields today were analyzed chronologically. The meanings that these words point to and acquired in the Qur’an and hadiths during the revelation period were examined. Firstly dictionaries, poetry divans of the Ignorance period, poetry magazines, works focusing on Arabic proverbs, and secondly the basic sources of other Islamic sciences, especially tafsir and hadith sources, were scanned to approach q-d-m rooted words. The basic meanings of the words derived from the root word, the meanings they gained according to periods and sciences, and the meaning changes they underwent were revealed. It has been observed that ḳ-d-m rooted terms used in many branches of science, from music to rhetoric, from logic to Islamic law, sometimes expanded and sometimes collapsed into new meanings different from their lexical meaning. This study is important in terms of seeing both the meaning of the word in periods and the different meanings it has acquired in various sciences. At the end of the study, it was seen that the main meanings of the root word ḳ-d-m are “to come, to move forward, foot and the old". With different derivatives of the root, it has been determined that this word has many meanings such as "to come first, to advance, to advance, to be brave, to leap forward, to arrive, to reach, to be present, to come, to tend, to mean, to wear out, to stay out of date, to go over a long time, to present, to offer, to offer, to bring forward, to put forward, to advance, to advance”. Again, one of the results obtained in the study is that ḳ-d-m rooted words in Qur’an are used generally within the framework of their lexical meaning. However, it has been understood that some words are given different meanings depending on the context. Because it is attributed to Allah, al-Muḳaddim, one of the names of Allah, has gained more extensive and essential meanings such as “putting forward the thing that should be put forward, according to Allah's own will and choice, by law or de facto, bringing beings closer to Himself, and giving lofty ranks”. The word “kidem” from the same root is used as an attribute of Allah. Again, when it is used as an attribute of Allah, there is an expansion in the meaning of the word and it gains a meaning as “Allah’s existence has no beginning and exists without the need for anyone else”. It is revealed that the compound formed by the root ḳ-d-m with other words also reveals terms in various fields apart from its lexical meaning. As a matter of fact, "Muḳaddime" is used both for “the first pages of the book, which give summary information about the content, purpose of writing, style, preface, and introduction” and for each of the propositions from which conclusions are drawn in the qiyas in logic.

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