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Turizm, kentlerin yapısını değiştiren ve mekânsal bağlamda onu en çok etkileyen dinamiklerin başında gelir. Kent ve turizm kelimeleri bir arada mekânsal bağlamda bir etkinlik oluşturmaktadır. Turizm, kent ortamında birçok sosyal ve ekonomik güçler arasında yer aldığından, turist, ev sahibi ve endüstri için farklı sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır (Edwards, Griffin ve Hayllar, 2008). Turizm, bir kent aktivitesi olmanın ötesinde kentin değişimine etki eden önemli bir olgu haline gelmiştir. Kentin kendisi bizzat turizm ürünüdür. Dolayısıyla kent ve turizm olgusu bütünleştirici bir yaklaşımla ele alınmalıdır.
1980 sonrası etkin olan küreselleşme, evrensel olanın kabulüyle, homojenleşmenin ön plana çıktığı ekonomik, kültürel, sosyal, politik ve teknolojik olmak üzere çok boyutlu bir olgudur. Turizm açısından bakıldığında, ortaya çıkan dünya kenti hiyerarşisinin küreselleşme ile ilişkisi, her şehrin coğrafi sınırları ötesindeki yerlerle olan mevcut ilişkisini göstermektedir. Bu ilişki, kimi zaman kentleri, kültürel mirasını ve yerel özelliklerini dünya geneline yayarak değişime ve küresel kent stratejilerine göre hareket etmeye zorlar. (Ashworth ve Page,2011). Sözü edilen durum; bir taraftan insanların birbirleriyle daha fazla iletişim kurmasını ve birbirleri hakkında bilgi edinmelerini sağlarken, diğer taraftan kültürel ilişkilerin genişlemesinden kaynaklı kültürün küreselleşmesi tehdidiyle karşı karşıya bırakmaktadır. Kentleri rekabet ortamına sokan küreselleşmenin etkileri, Türkiye’de de gelişen politikalarla kentsel planlamada ve uygulamalarda kendini göstermiştir. Kitle turizmiyle küresel ekonomiye entegre olmaya çalışan Türkiye’nin en büyük potansiyellerinden biri, mimari mirası, tarihi zenginliği, kültürel öğeleri ve değerleri ile İstanbul’dur. Bu nedenle, İstanbul’da küresel turizm ekonomisini yönlendiren kent ve turizm ilişkisine bütünleştirici yaklaşmak ve kültürün küreselleşmesi tehdidine karşı, 1980 sonrası dönemde, turizm politikalarına bağlı planlarda turizm alanlarının kentsel mekanın değişimine etkilerini irdelemek gerekir.
Çalışmada, İstanbul’da günümüze kadar üretilmiş 1959, 1980, 1994 ve 2009 yıllarına ait 4 adet onaylı üst ölçekli planlarda turizm alanlarının değişiminin kente etkisi; turizm sektörünün kentteki yayılımı ve kent makroformunun belirlenmesi, plan lejant içerikleri açısından karşılaştırma yapılarak incelenmiştir. 4 farklı döneme ait planlar ve lejantlarına bakıldığında, kentin makroformunun, güneyde ve boğaz bölgesindeki kıyı alanlarından kuzeye ve iç bölgelere yayılarak genişlediği görülmektedir. Turizm alanlarının üst ölçekli planlarda ilk olarak 1980 yılı planında yer aldığı, kentin makroformundaki yayılımla birlikte, turizm alanlarının 1994 ve 2009 yıllarına ait planlarda arttığı ve lejant içeriklerinin çeşitlendiği belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca, kültürel çevreye bağlı miras alanları, koruma alanları ve kültürel etkinliklere hizmet eden alanların turizm alanları içerisinde yer aldığı, tanımlı bir kültür alanının bulunmadığı saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, üst ölçekli planlarda turizm sektörünün kente etkisi, kültür sektörünün turizm sektörü içinde büyümesi olarak görülmektedir. Kültür sektörünü görünür kılmak ve kültürün küreselleşmesi tehdidine karşı önlem almak için, kültür sektörü kentsel plan ve politikalarda dikkate alınmalı ve üst ölçekli planlarda kültür alanları için ayrı bir lejant oluşturulmalıdır.
Tourism comes at the beginning of the dynamics that change the structure of the cities and most influences it in the spatial context. The city and the word tourism together form an event in a spatial context. Since tourism is among many social and economic powers in the urban environment, it shows different results for tourists, hosts and industry (Edwards, Griffin and Hayllar, 2008). Tourism has become an important phenomenon that affects the change of the city beyond being a city activity. The city itself is a tourism product. Therefore, the city and tourism phenomenon should be addressed by an integrative approach.
Globalization, which has been effective after 1980, is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, in which homogeneity is the economic, cultural, social, political and technological front. From the point of view of tourism, the relationship of the emerging world city hierarchy with globalization shows the current relationship of each city with places beyond its geographical boundaries. This relationship sometimes forces cities, their cultural heritage and local characteristics to move according to change and global urban strategies, spreading around the world. (Ashworth and Page, 2011) This situation, on the one hand, allows people to communicate more and learn more about each other, while on the other hand, it faces the threat of the globalization of the culture resulting from the expansion of cultural relations. The effects of globalization that put the cities into the competitive environment have shown itself in urban planning and practice with developing policies in Turkey. One of Turkey’s greatest potential with mass tourism is Istanbul with its architectural heritage, historical wealth, cultural items and values. Therefore, in Istanbul, the integrating approach to the urban and tourism relationship that guides the global tourism economy and against the threat of globalization of culture, in the post-80s period, in the plans related to tourism policies, the impact of tourism areas on the change of the urban area must be addressed.
In the study, the impact of the change of tourism areas in the high-scale plans of 1959, 1980, 1994 and 2009 approved in Istanbul produced to date; the spread of the tourism sector in the city and the determination of the city macroform, the plan has been studied by comparing the content of the plan. Looking at the plans and leagues of four different periods, it appears that the city’s macroform spreads from the coastal areas in the south and the throat area to the north and the inner areas. The tourism areas were first included in the 1980 plan in the high-scale plans, along with the spread in the city’s macroform, the tourism areas were increased in the 1994 and 2009 plans and the luxury content was diversified. In addition, it has been found that there is no defined cultural area within the tourist areas of the cultural environment-related heritage areas, conservation areas and areas that serve cultural events. According to the study, the impact of the tourism sector on the city in high-scale plans is seen as the growth of the cultural sector within the tourism sector. In order to make the cultural sector visible and to take measures against the threat of culture globalization, the cultural sector should be taken into account in the urban plan and policies and in the high-scale plans a separate league for cultural areas should be created.
Tourism is one of the dynamics that changes the structure of cities and affects them most in a spatial context. The words city and tourism together constitute an activity in a spatial context. As tourism is among the many social and economic forces in the urban environment, it presents different results for tourists, hosts and industry (Edwards, Griffin and Hayllar, 2008). Tourism has become an important phenomenon that affects the change of the city beyond an urban activity. The city itself is itself a product of tourism. Therefore, the phenomenon of urbanization and tourism should be treated with an integrative approach.
Globalization, which has been active since 1980, is a multidimensional phenomenon, including economic, cultural, social, political, and technological dimensions in which homogenization comes to the fore with the acceptance of the universal. In terms of tourism, the relationship of the emerging world city hierarchy with globalization shows the current relationship of each city with places beyond its geographical boundaries. This relationship sometimes forces cities to act according to the change and global urban strategies by spreading their cultural heritage and local characteristics worldwide. (Ashworth and Page, 2011). On the one hand, this situation allows people to communicate more and learn about each other.
On the other hand, it threatens the globalization of culture caused by the expansion of cultural relations. Putting cities in a competitive environment, the effects of globalization have manifested themselves in urban planning and practices with the policies that have developed in Turkey. Trying to integrate into the global economy with mass tourism, one of the greatest potentials of Turkey is Istanbul with its architectural heritage, historical richness, cultural elements, and values. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the relationship between the city and tourism that drives the global tourism economy in Istanbul integrally and to examine the effects of tourism areas on the change of urban space in the plans related to tourism policies in the post-1980 period, against the threat of globalization of culture.
The present study examined the effect of the change in tourism areas on the city via 4 approved upper-scale plans of 1959, 1980, 1994, and 2009 to date produced in Istanbul by comparing the plans in terms of the spread of the tourism sector in the city, determination of the city macroform, and contents of the legend. By looking at the plans and legends of 4 different periods, it can be seen that the macroform of the city has expanded from coastal areas in the south and the Bosphorus region to the north and inland regions. It was noted that tourism areas were first included in the 1980 plan in upper-scale plans, and with the spread of the city's macroform, tourism areas increased, and the content of legends diversified in the plans for 1994 and 2009. In addition, it has been determined that there is no defined cultural area, and areas are serving the heritage areas, conservation areas, and cultural activities related to the cultural environment are included in the tourism areas. As a result of the study, the effect of the tourism sector on the city in upper-scale plans is seen as the growth of the cultural sector within the tourism sector. In order to make the cultural sector visible and take measures against the threat of globalization of culture, the cultural sector should be taken into account in urban plans and policies, and a separate legend should be created for cultural areas in upper-scale plans.
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