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Çevre sorunlarının tarihi 19. yüzyıla dayanmaktadır. Sanayi devrimi ile birlikte ortaya çıkan büyük fabrikalar ve aşırı kömür kullanımı atmosfere aşırı miktarda sera gazı salmaya başlamış, çevre kirliliğinin ilk belirtileri aşırı hava kirliliği olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sorunun çözümü olarak ABD ve Avrupa ülkelerinde ilk ciddi organizasyonlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Hava kirliliği sorunu 1850’lerden 1950’lere kadar önemini korumuştur. 20. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde ilk ciddi anlamda çevre organizasyonu 1972 yılının Haziran ayında Stockholm’da yapılmıştır. Bu toplantıda çevre sorunları küresel bir sorun olduğu kabul edilmiş, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine bakılmaksızın sorumlulukların paylaşılması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. 1980’lerde Küresel İklim Değişiklikleri gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. Yeni çevreci harekette iklim toplulukları giderek önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. 1990’lı yıllarla birlikte iklim zirveleri yapılmaya başlamış Paris İklim Anlaşmasına kadar uzanan yolda başta fosil yakıt kullanımı olmak üzere pek çok ciddi çevre sorunlarına yönelik radikal tedbirler tartışılmıştır. Günümüz toplumlarının çözüm bekleyen sorun alanları arasında ekolojik sorunlar başta gelmektedir. Pek çok ülkede, hükümetlerin 1970’li yıllarda başlayıp uygulamaya giriştiği çevre politikalarına ve uluslararası alanda yürürlüğe konulan önlemlere karşı, ekolojik sorunlar çözülmek bir yana, yoğunlaşarak sürmektedir. Gerçek sorunu ortaya koyabilmek, gerçek çözümün şifresini kırmaktır.
Toplumların üstesinden gelmeye çalıştıkları ekolojik sorunlar, nitelikleri gereği bir bütün oluşturmakta, öğeleri arasında sıkı bir bağ bulunmaktadır. Ekolojik sorunların belirtileriyle nedenlerini birbirinden ayırmak konusunda başarısız olmak, sorunları kavramayı zorlaştırmaktadır. İnsan merkezli yaklaşımlar insanı piramidin tepe noktasına koyarak doğanın efendisi olarak sunarken, doğa merkezli yaklaşımlar insanı sadece doğanın bir parçası olarak görmekte doğaya bütüncül bir şekilde yaklaşarak gezegeni adeta bir yaşayan organizma olarak görmektedir. Öte yandan sosyal veya toplumsal ekolojik yaklaşım, yaşanan tüm bu çevre sorunların temelinde toplumsal dinamikleri neden olarak göstermektedir. Eko-feminizm ise konuya erkek egemen sistemin doğayı sömürmeye başlaması süreci ile kadının tahakküm altına alınması sürecini ilişkilendirerek ataerkil sistemi hedef alan kuramlar üretmiştir. Günümüzde çevreci akımlar içinde önemli bir yeri olan derin ekolojiye yönelik eleştiriler arasında öne çıkan görüş; bilimsel bir disiplin yerine mistik bir anlayışı sergileyerek insanın meşru ihtiyaçlarını görmezden gelmektedir. İnsan merkezli yaklaşımların en büyük açmazı ise doğaya egemen olma duygusu ve bunun bir ileri basamağı olan doğal kaynakların sömürülmesi yatmaktadır. Buna çözüm olarak sosyal veya toplumsal ekoloji, konuya toplumsal dinamikler açısından yaklaşarak toplumsal sorunların çözümü yanında çevre ve ekolojik sorunların da çözümünü getireceği fikrini savunmaktadır. Bu makalede, genel bir bakış açısıyla çevreci yaklaşımlar ele alınmakta, çevreye ilişkin sorunların tümünün, birbiriyle olan ilişkileri çerçevesinde ele alınarak, bütüncül ve sistemik bir yaklaşımla çözülebileceğine vurgu yapılmaktadır.
The history of environmental problems dates back to the 19th century. The major factories that emerged along with the industrial revolution and the excessive use of coal began to release excessive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the first signs of environmental pollution appeared as excessive air pollution. As a solution to this problem, the first serious organizations appeared in the United States and European countries. The air pollution problem has retained its importance from 1850 to 1950s. The first serious environmental organization in the last quarter of the 20th century was held in Stockholm in June 1972. The meeting emphasized that environmental issues were considered a global problem, and that responsibilities should be shared regardless of the level of development of the countries. In the 1980s, global climate change began to appear. With the new environmental movement, climate communities have begun to gain importance. On the way to the Paris Climate Agreement, which began to take place with the 1990s, many serious environmental issues, including the use of fossil fuels, were discussed. The problems that are awaiting the solution of today’s societies are the ecological problems that come first. In many countries, ecological problems continue to be focused on the environmental policies that the governments began and began to implement in the 1970s and on the measures implemented internationally, as well as on the solution. To be able to reveal the real problem is to break the password of the real solution.
The ecological problems that societies try to overcome form a whole according to their qualities, there is a close connection between the elements. Failure to distinguish the causes from the symptoms of ecological problems makes it difficult to understand the problems. While human-centric approaches present the human as the master of nature by placing him at the peak of the pyramid, nature-centric approaches see the planet as a living organism by approaching him in a holistic manner in view of the human being only as a part of nature. On the other hand, the social or social ecological approach shows as the cause of social dynamics on the basis of all these environmental problems that are experienced. Eko-feminism, however, has produced theories that target the atherical system by linking the process that the male dominant system begins to exploit nature with the process of the woman’s subducting. The view that stands out among the critics of deep ecology, which is an important place in today’s environmental flows, is ignoring the legitimate needs of man by showing a mysterious understanding instead of a scientific discipline. The greatest disappointment of human-centric approaches is the feeling of domination over nature and the exploitation of natural resources, which is a step forward in it. As a solution to this, social or social ecology advocates the idea that by approaching the topic from the point of view of social dynamics, the solution of social problems will bring the solution of environmental and ecological problems as well. This article addresses environmental approaches from a general perspective, emphasizing that all environmental issues can be resolved by a comprehensive and systematic approach, addressing them in the framework of their relationships.
The history of environmental problems dates back to the 19th century. The large factories that emerged with the industrial revolution and the excessive use of coal began to release excessive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the first signs of environmental pollution emerged as excessive air pollution. As a solution to this problem, the first serious organizations emerged in the USA and European countries. The problem of air pollution remained important from the 1850s to the 1950s. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the first serious environmental organization was held in Stockholm in June 1972. At this meeting, environmental problems were accepted as a global problem and it was emphasized that responsibilities should be shared regardless of the level of development of the countries. In the 1980s, Global Climate Changes began to come to the fore. Climate communities have become increasingly important in the new environmental movement. In the 1990s, climate summits began to be held and radical measures were discussed for many serious environmental problems, especially the use of fossil fuels, on the way to the Paris Climate Agreement. Ecological problems come first among the problem areas of today's societies waiting for solution. In many countries, ecological problems continue intensifying, far from being resolved, against the environmental policies that governments started to implement in the 1970s and the measures put into effect in the international arena. To reveal the real problem is to crack the code of the real solution.
The ecological problems that societies try to overcome form a whole by their nature, and there is a close connection between their elements. Failure to distinguish between the symptoms of ecological problems and their causes makes it difficult to grasp the problems. While human-centered approaches present man as the master of nature by placing them at the top of the pyramid, nature-centered approaches see man only as a part of nature, approaching nature in a holistic way and sees the planet as a living organism. On the other hand, the social or social ecological approach shows the social dynamics as the cause of all these environmental problems. Eco-feminism, on the other hand, has produced theories targeting the patriarchal system by associating the process of the male-dominated system's exploitation of nature and the domination of women. Among the criticisms of deep ecology, which has an important place among environmental movements today, the prominent opinion is; It ignores the legitimate needs of human beings by displaying a mystical understanding rather than a scientific discipline. The biggest dilemma of human-centered approaches lies in the sense of dominating nature and the exploitation of natural resources, which is an advanced step. As a solution to this, social or social ecology advocates the idea that it will bring the solution of environmental and ecological problems as well as the solution of social problems by approaching the subject in terms of social dynamics. In this article, environmentalist approaches are discussed with a general point of view, and it is emphasized that all environmental problems can be solved with a holistic and systemic approach by considering their relations with each other.
Alan : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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