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“Ruhun diyalektiği”, Rus edebiyat eleştirmeni, yazar, devrimci demokrat, teorisyen Nikolay G. Çernışevski’nin (1828-1889) Lev N. Tolstoy’un (1828-1910) edebî yaratıcılığına dair değerlendirmelerde bulunduğu makalesinde ortaya çıkarılan bir kavramdır. Çernışevski, kendi düşünce dünyasıyla ilişkili olan diyalektik kavramıyla Tolstoy’un yaratıcılığının ortak özelliğini bu şekilde nitelendirir. Kendisinin toplumdaki dinamiklerin meydana getirdiği sürece dikkat ettiği gibi Tolstoy’un da insanın ruhunda ortaya çıkan çelişkileri, çatışmaları, değişimi ve gelişimi gösteren psikolojik sürece odaklandığını görür. Birey olarak insanın psikolojisinin ve davranışlarının aynı zamanda parçası olduğu toplumu yansıttığı yaklaşımıyla, Tolstoy yaratıcılığında ortaya çıkardığı söz konusu kavramın incelenmesine önem verir. Bu kavramın ifade ettiği yenilik, psikolojik sürecin kendisinin anlatılması ve Rus edebiyatında öne çıkan Tolstoy’un psikolojik analizinin bir yöntemi olmasıdır. Tolstoy özellikle edebî yaratıcılığının ilk dönemindeki eserlerinde ve savaş hikâyelerinde insan psikolojisine yoğunlaşır. İnsan ruhunu ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelediğini gösterir. İnsan ruhunun birçok zıt ya da uyumlu özellikler gösteren, her şeyiyle bir bütün olduğunu yansıtır.
Tolstoy, Sivastopol Hikayeleri’nde kahramanlarının psikolojik sürecini ayrıntılı bir şekilde betimlerken bir bütünü her parçasıyla anlatma yöntemiyle hareket eder. Yazar, bir insanın hem iyi hem de kötü olabileceği düşüncesini ileri sürer. Çalışmamız kapsamında Çernışevski’nin kullandığı “ruhun diyalektiği” kavramının ortaya çıkışı açıklanacak, Tolstoy’un düşünce dünyasındaki söz konusu kavramla örtüşen benzer ifadeleri gösterilecek ve Sivastopol Hikâyeleri ekseninde bu kavrama ait psikolojik analiz özellikleri incelenecektir. Hikâyelerde Tolstoy’un anlattığı insan ruhunun süreç içerisindeki dönüşümü irdelenerek yaratıcılığının “ruhun diyalektiği” kavramını karşıladığına ulaşılacaktır.
"The dialect of the Spirit" is a concept revealed in the article of the Russian literary critic, writer, revolutionary democrat, theorist Nikolay G. Chernushevsky (1828-1889) Lev N. Tolstoy (1828-1910) in his evaluations of literary creativity. Chernushevsky describes the common characteristic of Tolstoy’s creativity with his dialectic concept related to his own world of thought. As he notices as long as the dynamics in society arise, Tolstoy also sees that he focuses on the psychological processes that show the contradictions, conflicts, change and development that arise in the human soul. With the approach in which human psychology and behavior as an individual reflect the society in which it is also a part, Tolstoy emphasizes the study of the concept that he reveals in his creativity. The innovation expressed by this concept is that the psychological process itself is described and that it is a method of Tolstoy's psychological analysis, which stands out in Russian literature. Tolstoy focuses on human psychology, especially in his works in the early periods of literary creativity and war stories. It shows that man is examining his soul in detail. It reflects that the human soul is a whole with everything, showing many opposite or harmonious characteristics.
by Tolstoy, The Sivastopol Stories While describing the psychological process of his heroes in detail, he acts by the way of describing a whole with each part. The author suggests the idea that a person can be both good and bad. In the framework of our study, we will explain the emergence of the concept of "spiritual dialectic" used by Chernushevsky, and we will show similar expressions in the world of Tolstoy's thought that match the concept in question, and History of Sivastopol In the axis, the psychological analysis characteristics of this concept will be studied. In the stories Tolstoy tells the transformation of the human soul in the process, it will be achieved that its creativity has received the concept of "spiritual dialectic".
“Dialectic of the soul” is a concept that emerged in the article of Russian literary reviewer, writer, revolutionary democrat, theorist Nikolay G. Chernyshevsky (1828-1889) in which he made his assessment about the literary creativity of Lev N. Tolstoy (1828-1910). This is the method of Chernyshevsky qualifies of the “dialectic” concept which is related to his own thought-world as a mutual feature of Tolstoy's creativity. As he was being interested in the process which emerged by the dynamics of the community he see that Tolstoy was focused on the psychological process which describes conflicts, contradictions, changes, and improvements that emerged on the human soul. He gave priority to studying the mentioned concept which was existed in Tolstoy's creativity with the theoretical approach of as a human the individual represents the community to which he belongs with behavior and psychology. The innovation which this concept states, to be explained of the psychological process itself and it is one of Tolstoy’s psychological analysis methods who is a pioneer of Russian literature. Tolstoy, especially in the early periods of his literary creativity, concentrated on human psychology and war stories in his works. This is proof of his detailed investigation of the human soul. He describes the human soul as a whole that contains a lot of contradictions and harmonious features and is comprehensive with all dimensions.
While Tolstoy describes the psychological process of his heroes in detail in his Sevastopol Stories, he prefer to act with the method of telling the whole with every parts of it. The author puts forward the idea that a human can be both good and bad. Within the scope of our study, the emergence of the concept of "dialectic of the soul" used by Chernyshevsky will be explained, similar expressions of Tolstoy’s world of thought that match with the concept will be shown, and the features of psychological analysis around this concept will be examined based of the Sevastopol Stories of the author. By scrutinizing the transformation of the human soul during the process, which Tolstoy tells in the stories, it will be reached that the creativity matches the concept of "dialectic of the soul".
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