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Hz. Muhammed'in Medine'ye hicreti ile birlikte, İslâm toplumu içinde Müslüman olmayanların durumunun ne olacağı konusu ortaya çıkmıştır. O esnada Medine'de Müslümanların haricinde üç grup halinde yaşayan gayrimüslimler (Yahudiler, Hıristiyanlar ve Putperestler) ile Hz. Peygamber'in yaptığı antlaşma (Medine Vesikası) neticesinde bu sorun çözülmüş, İslam toplumu içerisinde yaşayan gayrimüslimlere bazı haklar tanınmıştır. Buna göre cihat sonucu İslâm devletinin egemenliğine giren tek tanrılı dinlere inanan topluluklar "zimmet" adı verilen bir anlaşma yahut kendilerine bahşedilen bir garanti sonucunda İslâm devleti tarafından korunmuşlardır. Dinlerini değiştirmeden İslâm Devleti tarafından korunan ve askerlikten muaf tutulan bu kişilere de zimmî denilmişti. Zimmî statüsündeki her şahsın malı, canı, vatandaşlık ve inanç hakları doğal ve tabii olarak vatandaşı olduğu devlet tarafından tıpkı Müslüman vatandaşınınkini koruduğu özen ve ihtimamla korunmaktaydı. 1250 senesinde son Eyyûbi sultanı Turanşah'ı öldürerek devletlerini kuran Memlûkler, 267 sene boyunca Mısır merkez olmak üzere tüm Orta Doğu'yu, Anadolu içlerinden, Nûbe’ye kadar, Hicaz bölgesi de dahil olmak üzere hakimiyet ve denetimleri altında tutmuşlardır. Memlûkler bu kadar geniş bir coğrafyada sadece topraklarında yaşayan Müslümanların değil aynı zamanda gayrimüslimlerin de efendileri ve sultanları olmuşlar, İslâm dininin yasalarını temel alan hukuk ve idare sistemi vasıtasıyla gayrimüslim teba ile de devlet-vatandaş ilişkisini tesis etmişlerdi. Lakin devletin 267 yıllık tarihi, bireysel hadiselere girilmeden dahi incelendiğinde devletin gayrimüslim tebası ile başta siyasî ve sosyal sebeplerden olmak üzere sorunlar yaşadığı ve sık sık onlara karşı müeyyideler uyguladığı göze çarpmaktadır. Genel olarak, gayrimüslimlerin İslam toplumu içinde yaşamalarından ve de İslam devletinde memur olarak istihdam edilmelerinden kaynaklı sorunlar çoğu zaman vazifelerinden azledilmeleri ile sonuçlanmıştı.
with Hz. Muhammad’s migration to Medina, what would happen to the situation of non-Muslims within the Islamic society has emerged. As a result of the Treaty (The Constitution of Medina) between Hz. Muhammad and non-Muslims living in three groups (Jews, Christians and pagans) in Medina in the meantime, non-Muslims, this problem was solved and some rights were granted to non-Muslims living in Islamic society. According to this, the communities that believed in the monotheistic religions that entered the sovereignty of the Islamic state as a result of jihad were protected by the Islamic state as a result of an agreement called "embezzlement" or a guarantee granted to them. Those who were protected by the Islamic State and who were exempted from military service without changing their religion were also called Zimis. The rights, property, citizenship and belief rights of each person of Zimi status were protected by the natural and, of course, the care of the citizen as well as the care of the Muslim citizen. In the year 1250, the Mamelukes, who had established their state by killing Turanshah, the last Sultan of Eyyub II, kept the entire Middle East, including the Egyptian center, under the sovereignty and control of the Middle East, from the Anatolian to the Nubia, and in the Hedjaz region. The Mamluks were not only the Muslims living in the land but also the non-Muslims and the sultans of the non-Muslims. They established the state-citizen relationship with the non-Muslim subjects through the system of law and administration based on the laws of Islam. However, when the state’s 267-year history is examined even without entering into details and individual events, it is observed that the state experienced problems with non-Muslim subjects and frequently applied sanctions against them. In general, the problems stemming from the non-Muslims living in the Islamic society and the fact that they were employed as civil servants in the Islamic state have often resulted in their dismissal.
With Hz. Muhammad's migration to Medina, what would happen to the situation of non-Muslims within the Islamic society has emerged. As a result of the treaty (The Constitution of Medina) between Hz. Muhammed and non-Muslims living in three groups (Jews, Christians and pagans) in Medina in the meantime, non-Muslims, this problem was solved and some rights were granted to non-Muslims living in Islamic society. According to this, the communities that believed in the monotheistic religions that entered the sovereignty of the Islamic state as a result of jihad were protected by the Islamic state as a result of an agreement called "embezzlement” or a guarantee granted to them. Those who were protected by the Islamic State and who were exempted from military service without changing their religion were also called zimis. The rights, property, citizenship and belief rights of every person of Zimi status were protected by the natural and, of course, the care of the citizen as well as the care of the Muslim citizen. In the year 1250, the Mamelukes, who had established their state by killing Turanşah, the last Sultan of Eyyub II, kept the entire Middle East, including the Egyptian center, under the sovereignty and control of the Middle East, from the Anatolian to the Nubia, and in the Hedjaz region. The Mamluks were not only the Muslims living in the land but also the non-Muslims and the sultans of the non-Muslims. They established the state-citizen relationship with the non-Muslim subjects through the system of law and administration based on the laws of Islam. However, when the state's 267-year history is examined even without entering into details and individual events, it is observed that the state experienced problems with non-Muslim subjects and frequently applied sanctions against them. In general, the problems stemming from the non-Muslims living in the Islamic society and the fact that they were employed as civil servants in the Islamic state have often resulted in their dismissal.
Field : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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