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İyilik ve Sonsuzluk: Mâtürîdî ve Debûsî’nin Metafiziğinde Ölüm ve Hayatın Anlamı
2020
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

Bu makale, Hanefî düşünce geleneğinin iki önemli isminin, İmam Mâtürîdî ve Ebû Zeyd Debûsî’nin genel din doktrini açısından ölüm ve hayatın anlamı hakkındaki görüşlerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Mâtürîdî ve Debûsî’nin delile dayalı din anlayışının genel çerçevesi çizilmektedir. İkinci bölümde, Mâtürîdî’nin ölüm ve hayatın anlamı hakkındaki görüşleri ele alınmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, ilahi emir ile varlık, ilahi nehiy ile yokluk arasında dikkat çekici bir bağlantı kuran Ebû Zeyd Debûsî’nin ölüm ve hayatın anlamı hakkındaki görüşleri ele alınmakta, son bölümde ise genel bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır. Mâtürîdî din olgusunun bizatihi kendisini ve dinin unsurlarını tartışmaya açarak çağdaş anlamda din felsefesi yapmanın oldukça özgün ve sistematik bir örneğini ortaya koymuştur. Mâtürîdî, dine ilişkin tikel, spesifik konuları tartışırken, sorunları evrensel, teorik bir temele oturtmayı, bütüncül bir metafizik bir anlayış ortaya koymayı amaçlar. Klasik Batı müziğinde barok türü eserlerde senfoni boyunca tekrar eden ana notalar olduğu gibi, Mâtürîdî’nin metafiziğinde de bütün tikel tartışmaları dikey olarak kesen tümel ilkeler mevcuttur. Mâtürîdî metafiziğinin temel ilkesi şu düşünceye dayanır: Tanrı hakîm bir varlıktır, abes hiçbir fiilde bulunmaz. Buna göre, bir şeyi bozmak için yapmak abestir Tanrı insanı yok olması için yaratmamıştır. Yaşam sevgisi ve ölüm korkusu ölüme doğru giden sonlu bir varlık olarak insanın karşı karşıya olduğu en derin varoluşsal sorundur. Din, insanın sonluluk konusundaki nihai endişesine makul bir çözüm sunduğu ölçüde diğer dünya görüşlerine karşı güçlü bir alternatif olarak görülebilir. Mâtürîdî açısından, ne ölüm korkusunu vurgulayan kötümser anlayışlar ne de ölümü yok sayan hazcı yaklaşımlar makul bir çözüm sunmaktadır. Tanrı, ölümü insanların en çok korktuğu ve sakındığı, hayatı ise en çok sevdiği ve arzuladığı şey olarak yaratmıştır. İnsanın sınanması, ölüm korkusu ve yaşama arzusu arasında kalmasıyla ilgilidir. Mâtürîdî’ye göre, insanın karşı karşıya olduğu bu ikilem aynı zamanda çıkış yoluna da işaret etmektedir. Eğer insan, hayat sevgisi sebebiyle güzel ve yararlı işler yaparsa ve ölüm korkusuyla saçma ve çirkin işlerden kaçınırsa, kendi çabasıyla hayatını sonsuz kılıp, ebedî azaptan kurtulabilir. Diğer Hanefî düşünür, hukuk felsefecisi Ebû Zeyd Debûsî’nin görüşleri Mâtürîdî ile paralellik arz etmektedir. Debûsî’ye göre, Tanrı insanı sınamak üzere, onun tabiatına bir taraftan ruh ve aklı, diğer taraftan nefs ve hevâyı yerleştirmiştir. Nefs ve hevâ insanı bilgisizce geçici olana çağırırken, ruh ve akıl bilgiyle kalıcı olana davet eder. İnsanın sınanması, geçici ve kalıcı hayat arasında tercihte bulunmasıyla ilgilidir. Debûsî açısından, insanın kendini yokluğa düşmekten kurtarıp, ebedi hayatı kazanması aklını kullanmasına bağlıdır. Başka bir ifadeyle, akıl insanı hayata bağlar, hevâ ise onu yokluğa sürükler. Debûsî, akletmek ile varlık, cehaletle yokluk arasında paralellik kurarak ilâhî emir ve ilâhî nehiy terimlerini oldukça özgün tarzda tanımlar. Ona göre, ilâhî emir, var edilmesi gereken, ilâhî nehiy ise var edilmemesi gereken şeydir. Eğer insan, Tanrı’nın var edilmesini emrettiği şeyleri var ederse kendi varlığını ebedi kılabilir. Eğer Tanrı’nın varlığa çıkmasını istemediği şeyleri var ederse kendini yokluğa sürüklemiş olur. Son olarak, hem Mâtürîdî hem Debûsî açısından, dine duyulan ihtiyaç akli bir temele dayanır zira aklını kullanıp kullanmamak bir varlık-yokluk meselesidir. Hayat, insana yaşadığı her an yaptığı güzel iş ve eylemlerle sonsuz hayatı elde etmesi için sunulan ilâhî bir lütuftur. İman ve amel arasında ontolojik ve etik düzlemde koşutluk kuran, iyiliği, bu dünyadan cennete ve sonsuzluğa götüren bir köprü/sırat olarak gören bu metafizik sistem, Hanefî-Mâtürîdî geleneğin din ve dünya görüşünün özünü oluşturur.

Keywords:

Goodness and Eternity: The Meaning of Death and Life in the Metaphysics of Maturidi and Debusi
2020
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

This article aims to analyze the views of the two important names of the Hanefi thought tradition, Imam Mâtürîdî and Abu Zeid Debüî’s general religious doctrine on the meaning of death and life. In the first chapter, the general framework of the religion based on the proof of Maturidi and Debusi is drawn up. In the second part, the opinions of Maturidi on the meaning of death and life are discussed. In the third part, the views of Abu Zayed Debüsi on the meaning of death and life, which establishes a remarkable link between divine command and existence, divine nehiya and absence, are discussed, and in the last part a general assessment is made. The Maturidi religious phenomenon has opened itself and the elements of the religion to debate and revealed a very original and systematic example of making religious philosophy in the modern sense. The Maturidian aimed at discussing specific topics, the religious thesis, the objective is to put the problems on a universal, theoretical basis, to present a comprehensive metaphysical understanding. In classical Western music, like the main notes that repeat throughout the symphony in Baroque-type works, in the metaphysics of Mâtürîdî there are all the general principles that horizontally cut all the tickel discussions. The basic principle of the Maturistic metaphysics is based on this thought: God is a judge being, the abes are not in any fact. Accordingly, doing something to disrupt is absurd; God has not created man to disappear. Love of life and fear of death are the deepest existential problem that man faces as a final being that goes to death. Religion can be seen as a strong alternative to other world views, to the extent that it offers a reasonable solution to the ultimate concerns of human ultimacy. From the maturity point of view, neither pessimistic concepts that emphasize fear of death nor pleasant approaches that do not count death offer a reasonable solution. God has created death as what people are most afraid and careful, and life as what they love and desire. The trial of a person is related to being between fear of death and the desire to live. According to the Maturidi, this two-way facing man also indicates the way out. If man does good and useful things because of his love for life, and with fear of death he escapes the foolish and ugly things, he can, by his own effort, make his life eternal and get rid of the eternal punishment. The other Hanefî thinks, the philosopher Ebû Zeyd Debüsi’s views are parallel to Mâtürîdî. According to Debussy, God has placed the spirit and mind on the one hand in his nature to test man, and the spirit and passion on the other. The spirit and the enthusiasm calls the man unconsciously to the temporary, while the spirit and the mind calls to the permanent. The test of a person relates to preference between temporary and permanent life. It is the reason for man to save himself from falling in absence and to gain eternal life. In other words, the mind connects the man to life, and the enthusiasm leads him to disappearance. He is the one who gives righteousness, and the one who gives righteousness, and the one who gives righteousness, and the one who gives righteousness. The divine command is what must be existed, and the divine command is what must not be existed. If man does what God has commanded to exist, he can make his own existence eternal. If he does what God does not want to come into existence, he has driven himself into disappearance. In the end, both Maturidi and Debusi, the necessity of religion is based on a reasonable basis, for using the mind is a matter of existence-absence. Life is a divine grace offered to man in every moment he lives with his good works and actions to obtain his eternal life. This metaphysical system, which establishes a correlation in the ontological and ethical level between faith and action, which sees goodness as a bridge/course that leads from this world to heaven and eternity, constitutes the essence of the religion and world view of the Hanefi-Matturidian tradition.

Keywords:

Goodness and Infinity: The Meaning Of Death and Life In Al-māturīdī and Al-dabūsī’s Metaphysics
2020
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

This article aims to analyze the views of two pioneering Ḥanafī scholars, Abū Manṣūr al- Māturīdī and Abū Zayd al-Dabūsī, on the meaning of death and life in terms of their general doctrine of religion. In the first part, the general framework of Māturīdī and Dabūsī’s evidentialist conception of religion are drawn. In the second part, Māturīdī's views on the meaning of death and life and are explored. In the third part, the views of Abū Zayd al-Dabūsī on the meaning of death and life, who establishes a striking connection between the divine order and existence, divine prohibition and non-existence, are examined, and a general evaluation is offered in the last section. Al-Māturīdī proposed a very original and systematic example of doing philosophy of religion, which still promising for the modern problems of the field, by opening the phenomenon of religion itself to discussion, and analyzing the nature and elements of religion. Māturīdī aims to place the problems on a universal and theoretical basis and to present a holistic, metaphysical understanding while discussing specific and particular issues in religion. Just as there are main notes in classical Western music that repeat throughout the symphony in baroque style, there are universal principles in al-Māturīdī’s metaphysics that cut all particular debates vertically. The basic principle of the al-Māturīdī’s metaphysics is based on this idea: God is a wise being, he does not do anything wise. Accordingly, it is absurd to create something to destroy; God did not create man to perish. The love of life and the fear of death are the deepest existential problems facing man as a finite being that goes towards death. Religion can be regarded as a powerful alternative to other worldviews to the extent that it provides a reasonable explanation for man’s deep concern about finitude. For al-Māturīdī, neither pessimistic understandings that emphasize only the fear of death nor hedonistic understandings that ignore death offer a reasonable solution. God created death as something that people fear the most and avoid, and life as something they love and desire. The testing of man is about being between the fear of death and the desire to live in the world. According to al-Māturīdī, this dilemma that man is facing also shows him the way out. If people do good and useful deeds because of their love for life, and avoid nonsense and ugly deeds because of their afraid of death, they can make their life eternal with their own efforts and escape from eternal/permanent death. The other Hanafī thinker, a philosopher of law Abū Zayd al-Dabūsī’s views on the meaning of death and life are parallel to Māturīdī's. According to al-Dabūsī, to test man, what God has placed in human nature is not only the soul and reason but also the spirit (al-nafs) and whim (al-hawa). While the spirit and whim invites man to the temporary by ignorance, it calls the soul and reason to the permanent by knowledge. The test for human beings is to choose between the temporary and the eternal life. For al-Dabūsī, man’s saving himself from falling into nothingness and gaining the eternal life depends on his use of reason. In other words, the reason binds human beings to life, and the whim leads them to nothingness. Drawing a parallel between reasoning and existence, ignorance and absence, Dabūsī defines the terms divine command and divine prohibition in a very original way. For him, the divine command is the things that must exist, and the divine prohibition is the things that must not exist. If the man helps exist the things that God wills to exist, he can make his own existence eternal. If the man helps exist the things that God does not will to exist, he puts himself into nothingness. Lastly, both for al-Māturīdī and al-Dabūsī, life is a divine grace bestowed on human being to gain eternal life through the good deeds he does at any moment. In short, reason is necessary in religion because its use is a preference of existence to non-existence. This metaphysical system, which sees goodness as a bridge from this finite world to heaven and eternity and makes a connection between faith and deeds on the ontological and ethical level is the essence of the worldview of the Hanafī-Māturīdī tradition.

Keywords:

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Kader

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Kader