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Eski Uygurca, bir yandan Eski Uygur yazıtları öte yandan Orta Asya Budist kültür çevresiyle beslenen bir dildi. Sınırları elbette bundan ibaret değildi. Söz varlığı açısından Manihaist-Soğudcadan Nesturî Hristiyanlığına varan geniş bir kültür çevresi vardı. Temel sözvarlığını Uygurca (~ Ortak Türkçe) sözler oluştursa da Toharca üzerinden alıntılanmış Sanskritçe sözler, Çince sözler, az da olsa öteki komşu dillere ait sözler oluştururdu. Alıntı sözlerle birlikte tahmini 20 000 kelimeye yakın (Osmanlıca ve Çağatayca hariç) zengin bir söz varlığı vardı. Dolayısıyla sözvarlığı açısından tarihî dönem Türk dillerinin en zengin üç dilinden birisiydi. Yaklaşık 400 yıllık bir dönemi kapsayan Eski Uygurca için başlangıç ve bitiş dönemini 10-14. Yüzyıllar olarak alabiliriz. Ancak son dönem, 13. yüzyılın ortalarından başlayan dönem en başta idarî dilde Moğolcanın etkisi görülür. Yine aynı dönemde Tibet Budizmine ait eserlerin de Uygurcaya çevrilmiş olması dolayısıyla Tibetçe sözler de Uygurcada görülür. Uygurların İslamiyeti kabulüyle Soğud kökenli yazı bırakılıp Arap kökenli, Farsça eklentili alfabe kullanılmıştır. Ancak Uygurların Soğud kökenli eski alfabesi Moğollar arasında bugüne kadar kullanılmıştır. Uygur harflerini kullanmaya başlayan ve Uygur Budizminden etkilenen Moğollar çok sayıda Uygurca kelimeyi de ödünçlemişlerdir; bugün Uygurlar ve öteki Türk kavimleri arasında unutulan bazı sözlerin Moğolca aracılığıyla hayatta kalmasını sağlamışlardır. Öte yandan Moğolların bir dönem Anadolu’ya hakim olmaları ile çok sayıda Moğolca sözcük, bir ölçüde de Türkçe sözcük (geri ödünçleme yöntemiyle / reborrowing - Rückentlehnung) Anadolu Türkçesine girmiştir. İşte bu yazıda yine bu tür sözcüklerden birisi olduğunu sandığım Uygurca töŋürge ve onun Moğolca ile Türkçedeki şekillerine değineceğim.
Old Uighur inscriptions and Central Asian Buddhist Culture were the mother lodes of the Old Uighur language. Of course these were not the limits. In terms of vocabulary, there was a wide cultural circle ranging from Manichaean-Sogdian to Nestorian Christianity. Although Uighur (~ Common Turkic) forms its basic vocabulary, it also included Sanskrit, Chinese, and words from other neighboring languages which loaned them from Tocharian. There was a rich vocabulary of an estimated 20 000 words (apart from Ottoman and Chagatai) including loanwords. Therefore, it was one of the three richest languages of the historical Turkic languages in terms of vocabulary. We can state the life range of Old Uighur, which was around for 400 years, between the 10th and 14th centuries. However, in the last period starting from the mid-13th century, the influence of Mongolian can be seen primarily in the administrative language. In the same period, Tibetan words also entered the language due to the translation of Tibetan Buddhism works. With the adoption of Islam, the Sogdian-based script was no longer used and the Arabic-based alphabet having Persian additions was adopted. However, the Uighurs' old alphabet of Sogdian origin is still being used among the Mongols as of today. The Mongols, who started using the Uighur letters and were influenced by Uighur Buddhism, also borrowed many of their words; through Mongolian they ensured the survival of some words that are forgotten among Uighurs and other Turkic tribes today. On the other hand, as the Mongols dominated Anatolia for some period, many Mongolian words and to some extent Turkic words entered Anatolian Turkish by reborrowing (Rückentlehnung). Here, in this article, I will mention the Uyghur töŋürge and its forms in Mongolian and Turkish, which I think is one of such words.
Old Uyghur inscriptions and Central Asian Buddhist Culture were the mother lodes of the Old Uyghur language. Of course, these were not the limits. In terms of vocabulary, there was a wide cultural circle ranging from Manichaean-Sogdian to Nestorian Christianity. Although Uighur (~ Common Turkic) forms its basic vocabulary, it also included Sanskrit, Chinese, and words from other neighboring languages which loaned them from Tocharian. There was a rich vocabulary of an estimated 20 000 words (apart from Ottoman and Chagatai) including loanwords. Therefore, it was one of the three richest languages of the historical Turkic languages in terms of vocabulary. We can state the life range of Old Uighur, which was around for 400 years, between the 10th and 14th centuries. However, in the last period beginning from the mid-13th century, the influence of Mongolian can be seen primarily in the administrative language. In the same period, Tibetan words also entered the language due to the translation of Tibetan Buddhism works. With the adoption of Islam, Sogdian-based script was no longer used and the Arabic-based alphabet having Persian additions was adopted. However, the Uighurs' old alphabet of Sogdian origin is still being used among the Mongols as of today. The Mongols, who started using the Uighur letters and were influenced by Uighur Buddhism, also borrowed many of their words; through Mongolian they ensured the survival of some words that are forgotten among Uyghurs and other Turkic tribes today. On the other hand, as the Mongols dominated Anatolia for some period, many Mongolian words and to some extent Turkic words entered Anatolian Turkish by reborrowing (Rückentlehnung). Here, in this article, I will mention the Uyghur töŋürge and its forms in Mongolian and Turkish, which I think is one of such words.
Field : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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