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Almanya İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası sanayisini geliştirmek için daha az gelişmiş olan güneyindeki ülkelerden gerekli insani işgücünü dış göçler alarak karşılamaya çalışmıştır. Böylelikle 1955 ile 1968 yılları arasında sekiz Akdeniz ülkesiyle işgücü anlaşmaları imzalamıştır: İtalya ile 1955, İspanya, Yunanistan ile 1960, Türkiye ile 1961, Fas ile 1963, Portekiz ile 1964, Tunus ile 1965 ve Yugoslavya ile 1968. Türkiye’den Federal Almanya’ya işçi göçü 30 Ekim 1961 tarihinde imzalanan İş Gücü Anlaşması ile başlamıştır. Türkler başta birkaç yıl çalışıp para biriktirip ülkelerine geri dönmeyi planlamıştır. Almanlar ise Türkleri ve diğer göçmen gruplarını geçici görüp eğitim ve entegrasyonları ile ilgilenmemiştir. Sonraları entegrasyonun hem göçmenler hem de kendi açısından önemini anlayan Almanya göçmen ülkesi olduğunu ve yıllar içinde sayısı giderek artan göçmenlerin entegrasyonu geçmiş ve gelecek yıllar içerisinde önemli siyasi ve toplumsal zorluklar gösterdiğini kabul etmiş ve 1 Ocak 2005 tarihinde yeni göç yasasını yürürlüğe koymuştur. Yeni göç yasası ile birlikte Alman Devleti “Teşvik ve Talep” ilkesi çerçevesinde göçmenler için entegrasyon kursları açmıştır. Bu kurslar ile Almanca dilini, Alman hukuk sistemini, kültürünü ve tarihini başarılı bir şekilde öğretmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise aile birleşimi ile Almanya’ya göç eden Türklere yönelik 1 Ocak 2005 tarihinden itibaren uygulanan entegrasyon kurslarının içeriğinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada yazın taraması tekniği kullanılmış ve bu kapsamda yeni göç yasası, ikamet kanunu, Federal Göçmen ve Mülteci Dairesi arşivi ve diğer Almanca ve Türkçe kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre entegrasyon kurslarının içeriği iki ana başlık altında toplanmıştır. Bunlardan biri dil kursları diğeri ise oryantasyon kurslarıdır. Sonuç olarak Almanya’da 2018 yılı Eylül ayına kadar toplamda 147.594 entegrasyon kursu açılmış, bu kurslara 233.211 Türk vatandaşı katılmış ve 2012 yılından 2018 yılının ilk yarısına kadar yapılan dil sınavlarında toplam 889.404 katılımcıdan 556.650 kişi B1 seviyesine 249.348 kişi ise A2 seviyesine ulaştığı görülmüştür.
In order to develop industry after World War II, Germany tried to meet the necessary workforce from the less developed southern neighboring countries by taking external migrations. Thus, between 1968 and 1955, Germany signed labor agreements with eight Mediterranean countries: with Italy in 1955, Spain, Greece in 1960, Turkey in 1961, Morocco in 1963, Portugal in 1964, Tunisia in 1965 and Yugoslavia in 1968. Federal labor migration from Turkey to Germany began with the Work Force Agreement signed on October 30, 1961. The Turks initially worked for a few years and planned to save money and return to their countries. The Germans considered the Turks and other immigrant groups as temporary and they were not interested in their education and integration. Later, Germany, understanding the importance of integration for both immigrants and its own, recognized that it was an immigrant country and that the integration of the growing number of migrants over the years had significant political and social challenges in the past and next years, and on 1 January 2005, it introduced the new immigration law. Together with the new immigration law, the German State opened integration courses for immigrants under the principle of "Incentive and Demand". These courses aimed at teaching the German language, German legal system, culture and history successfully. The aim of this study is to examine the content of integration courses applied to Turkish who immigrated to Germany by family reunification on January 1, 2005. In this study, literature research technique was employed and in this context, new immigration law, residence law, Federal Migration and Refugee Office archive and other German and Turkish sources were examined. According to the findings, the content of integration courses were grouped under two main headings. One of them was language course and the other was orientation course. As a result, a total of 147,594 integration courses were opened in Germany until September 2018, with 233,211 Turkish citizens attending these courses and in the language examinations held from 2012 until the first half of 2018, it has been observed that a total of 889,404 participants have reached 556,650 B1 and 249,348 persons reached A2 level.
In order to develop industry after World War II, Germany tried to meet the necessary workforce from the less developed southern neighboring countries by taking external migrations. Thus, between 1968 and 1955, Germany signed labor agreements with eight Mediterranean countries: with Italy in 1955, Spain, Greece in 1960, Turkey in 1961, Morocco in 1963, Portugal in 1964, Tunisia in 1965 and Yugoslavia in 1968. Federal labor migration from Turkey to Germany began with the Work Force Agreement signed on October 30, 1961. The Turks initially worked for a few years and planned to save money and return to their countries. The Germans considered the Turks and other immigrant groups as temporary and they did not interested in their education and integration. Later, Germany, understanding the importance of integration for both immigrants and its own, recognized that it was an immigrant country and that the integration of the growing number of migrants over the years had significant political and social challenges in the past and next years, and on 1 January 2005, it introduced the new immigration law. Together with the new immigration law, the German State opened integration courses for immigrants under the principle of ‘’Incentive and Demand’’. These courses aimed to teach the German language, German legal system, culture and history successfully. The aim of this study is to examine the content of integration courses applied to Turkish who immigrated to Germany by family reunification on January 1, 2005. In this study, literature research technique was employed and in this context, new immigration law, residence law, Federal Migration and Refugee Office archive and other German and Turkish sources were examined. According to the findings, the content of integration courses were grouped under two main headings. One of them was language course and the other was orientation course. As a result, a total of 147,594 integration courses were opened in Germany until September 2018, with 233,211 Turkish citizens attending these courses and in the language examinations held from 2012 until the first half of 2018, it has been observed that a total of 889,404 participants have reached 556,650 B1 and 249,348 persons reached A2 level.
Field : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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