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Mimarlık, geçmişten günümüze yapıya etki eden zamanla gelişen, değişen ve yeniden üretilen bir gelenektir. Bu geleneği şekillendiren en önemli etkenlerden biri malzeme bilimi ve mühendislikteki gelişmelerdir. Endüstri Devrimine kadar yapı, malzemenin izin verdiği ölçüde şekillenebilirken, İngiltere’de başlayan Endüstri Devrimiyle birlikte yapı malzemeleri daha kolay üretilmiş ve geliştirilmiştir böylece daha karmaşık mimari formların çözümü kolaylaşmıştır. 19. yüzyılla beraber yapı dünyasına katılan beton, çimento ve Titanyum, Alüminyum gibi metaller de mimariye büyük ölçüde katkı sağlamıştır. Ardından ETFE gibi plastikler ve cam, beton ve ahşabın geliştirilmesiyle oluşturulmuş kompozitler yapı dünyasını şekillendirmiştir. Geleneksel ahşaba göre yüksek dayanıma sahip olan ve bir endüstriyel yapı malzemesi olan ahşap, işlenerek geniş açıklıkları geçebilen yangın dayanımı yüksek ve daha sağlam bir yapı malzemesi haline getirilmiştir. Doğa strüktürleri ilham alınarak ve nano teknolojiyle üretilen nano malzemeler ve bir doğa strüktürü olan bambu gibi sürdürülebilir malzemelerin yapıda kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla 21. yüzyıl mimarlığı geçmişe meydan okumuştur. Malzeme ve mühendislik alanındaki bütün bu gelişmeler, gelişmelerin ortaya çıktığı dönemde yapılan yapılar üzerinden kolayca okunabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte gelişen teknoloji ve değişen malzemelerin yanı sıra bazı geleneksel malzemelerin değerini koruduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle ekoloji ve sürdürülebilirlik kavramlarının ortaya çıkması ile doğal malzemelere endüstri devrimini izleyen süreçte bir geri dönüş yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmada da geçmişten günümüze malzemelerdeki değişim; endüstri devrimi sonrası yapılan ve yapıldığı dönemde etki uyandırmış yapılar üzerinden tanıtılmıştır. Armağan (2011) tarafından da belirtilen malzemenin tarihsel süreci içerisinde gelişen 14 farklı yapı malzemesinin uygulandığı 10 endüstriyel yapı seçilmiştir. Sonuç olarak tarih boyunca gelişen mimarlıkta malzemenin endüstri devriminden sonra günümüzde gelmiş olduğu nokta örnekler üzerinden ortaya konulmuştur.
Architecture is a tradition that evolves, changes and is re-produced over time, influencing the structure from the past to the present. One of the most important factors that shape this tradition is the developments in material science and engineering. By the industrial revolution, the structure could be shaped to the extent permitted by the material, while with the industrial revolution that began in Britain, the construction materials were easier produced and developed so the solution of more complex architectural forms became easier. In the 19th century, concrete, cement and titanium, aluminum and other metals contributed greatly to architecture. Then the composites created by the development of plastics and glass, concrete and wood, such as ETFE, have shaped the building world. The wood, which has a high resistance than traditional wood and is an industrial building material, is transformed into a higher and more solid building material with a high fire resistance that can be processed through wide openings. The 21st century architecture has challenged the past with the start of the use in the structure of nano materials and sustainable materials such as bamboo, which is a natural structure, inspired by and produced by nano technology. All these developments in the field of materials and engineering can be read easily through the structures made in the period when the developments occur. However, it has been seen to maintain the value of advanced technology and changing materials as well as some traditional materials. Especially with the emergence of the concepts of ecology and sustainability, a return to natural materials has been experienced in the process following the industrial revolution. In this study, the change in materials from the past to the present is also introduced through the structures that have been influenced in the period after the industrial revolution. 10 industrial structures in which 14 different building materials developed during the historic process of the material specified by Gian (2011) were selected. As a result, the point that material has come to today after the industrial revolution in the history of architecture has been revealed through examples.
Architecture is a tradition that evolves, changes and reproduces over time that has affected the building from the past to the present. One of the most important factors shaping this tradition is advances in materials science and engineering. Until the Industrial Revolution, building can be shaped as much as the material allows, with the Industrial Revolution that started in England, building materials were produced and developed more easily, thus making it easier to solve more complex architectural forms. Concrete, cement and metals such as Titanium and Aluminum, which joined the construction world in the 19th century, also contributed greatly to the architecture. Subsequently, plastics such as ETFE and composites formed by the development of glass, concrete and wood shaped the building world. Wood, which has high strength compared to traditional wood and is an industrial building material, has been processed and turned into a more durable building material with high fire resistance that can pass wide openings. The 21st century architecture has challenged the past with the use of sustainable materials such as bamboo, which is a nature structure, and nanomaterials produced with nano technology and inspired by natural structures. All these developments in the field of materials and engineering can be easily read through the structures made in the period when the developments occurred. However, it has been observed that in addition to developing technology and changing materials, some traditional materials preserve their value. Especially with the emergence of ecology and sustainability concepts, there has been a return to natural materials in the process following the industrial revolution. In this study, the change in materials from the past to the present; It was introduced over the buildings that were built after the industrial revolution and had an impact in the period they were built. 10 industrial buildings in which 14 different building materials developed in the historical process of the material specified by Armağan (2011) were applied were selected. As a result, the point that the material has reached today after the industrial revolution in architecture, which has developed throughout history, has been revealed through examples.
Alan : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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