Özet:

As a term, ilmihâl means ‘a handbook containing concise information on faith, worship, daily life, ethics, the great prophets, and the life of the Prophet Muhammad’. The tradition of ilmihâl first emerged in the Ottomans in the 15th-16th centuries due to the need for concise information on basic religious issues in simple, plain language that the public could understand. This tradition first started with the translation of Arabic works into Turkish and the addition of missing points to the works. The first example of this genre in the Ottomans is considered to be Kutbeddin Iznikî’s Muqaddime, even though the word “ilmihâl” does not appear in its title. There are numerous copies of Iznikî's Muqaddime in both local and foreign libraries. The work consists of five chapters called “bāb” and an introduction. In the introduction, the author of the work, the reasons for its writing, its purpose and the subject matter are emphasized. In the first chapter, concepts such as faith, conditions of faith, heaven, and hell, good deeds, and sins are explained by citing the views of various sects. The second chapter deals with the subject of prayer. The third chapter is devoted to the provisions of zakat, eutharb, fitrah, tribute, sacrifice, burial, and charity. The fourth chapter is devoted to fasting and the fifth chapter to the provisions of hajj and umrah. The Muqaddime has also been the subject of philological studies since it was popular in its time and there are many copies of it. When these studies are analyzed, it can be said that the work was written in plain and understandable language. In addition, it is also seen that the text bears traces of spoken language in terms of both vocabulary and style. In terms of vocabulary, there are also words such as kehellik ėt- ‘to be lazy, to be lazy’ or ḳovalt- ‘to open the space between the abdomen and thighs while prostrating’, which we recognize from Turkish dialects but do not encounter in the texts of the period. The verb dürt-, which is the subject of this study, occurs three times in the same passage and means ‘(to apply scented objects such as sulfur)’. The verb dürt- (< türt-), which is frequently encountered in Old Turkic texts and whose original meaning is ‘(odor, scented substances, oil, etc.) rub’, exhibits different semantic distributions when Old Turkic (until the 11th century) and Middle Turkic (12th-15th century) texts are analyzed. The present study aims to determine the semantic categories of the verb by analyzing the passages in Old Turkic and Middle Turkic texts based on the passage in Kutbeddin İznikî’s Muqaddime and to examine the relations of these categories with the basic meaning.

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