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Günümüz hukuk sistemlerinin en temel kavramlarından biri olan hak kavramı üzerinde yoğun tartışmalar yapılmakta ve haklar farklı açılardan ayrıntılı tasniflere tabi tutulmaktadır. Kara Avrupası hukuk sisteminde haklar, önce kamu ve özel şeklinde ikili bir ayrıma konu edilmekte, kamu haklarının kamu hukukundan, özel hakların da özel hukuktan doğduğu şeklinde genel ve yaygın bir anlayış benimsenmektedir. Hak kavramı İslam hukukunun da merkezi kavramlarından biri olmasına rağmen bu kavram klasik fıkıh eserlerinde müstakil başlıklar altında bütüncül bir şekilde ele alınmamış, daha çok fıkhın değişik alanlarında ve ilgili olduğu konularla bağlantısı ölçüsünde dağınık bir şekilde işlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu eserlerde hak kavramı bütün çeşitleri ve alt türleriyle aralarındaki içlem-kaplam ilişkileri de kurularak genel tasniflere konu edilmemiştir. Bu konuda çağdaş dönemde gerçekleştirilen az sayıdaki nitelikli çalışmanın da bu alandaki boşluğu henüz dolduracak düzeyde olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı öncelikle klasik ve çağdaş literatürde dağınık bir şekilde ele alınan hak türlerinin mümkün mertebe aralarındaki ilişki ve bağlantıları da açığa çıkaracak şekilde genel ve bütüncül bir tasnifini yapmaktır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada klasik literatürde üzerinde pek durulmayan ama günümüzde oldukça önemli hale gelen insan haklarının genel hak tasnifi içinde nerelerde yer alabileceğine dair bazı tespit ve önerilere yer verilecektir.
The concept of rights, which is one of the fundamental concepts of today’s legal systems, is being discussed and the rights are subject to detailed distinctions from different points of view. In the black European legal system, rights are first subject to a bilateral separation in public and private form, a general and broad understanding of public rights is adopted in the form of public law, and private rights are also derived from private law. Although the concept of right is also one of the central concepts of Islamic law, this concept has not been comprehensively addressed under individual titles in the classical fiction works, and has been processed more disruptly in the extent of its connection to the different fields of fiction and the topics it relates to. Furthermore, in these works the concept of right has not been subject to general concepts by establishing all kinds and subtypes of internal-cover relationships between them. A small number of skilled work done in this area in the modern period is also not yet to fill the gap in this area. The aim of this study is to make a general and comprehensive definition in the first place in the classical and contemporary literature so that the relationships and connections between the rights types that are divergently addressed in the classical and contemporary literature can be revealed as far as possible. In addition, this study will include some findings and suggestions about where human rights, which are not much focused on the classical literature but are becoming very important today, can be included in the general rights framework.
There are intensive discussions on the concept of right that is one of the most basic concepts of today's judicial systems and rights are subjected to detailed classifications from different angles. In the Continental European judicial system, rights are first placed in a dual distinction as public and private, and a general and common understanding is adopted that public rights emerge from public law and private rights from private law. Although it is one of the important central concepts of Islamic law, this concept has not been dealt with regularly and in a holistic manner under separate titles in classical fiqh works. It has been handled in different areas of fiqh, in proportion to its relevance to the issue and in a scattered manner. Also, in these works, all types and sub-types of the concept of right have not been subject to general classifications by stating the relations among them. It is seen that the few qualified studies carried out in this regard in the contemporary period are not at a level to fill the gap in this field. The aim of this study is to make a general and holistic classification of the types of rights, which are dealt with in a scattered way in the classical and contemporary literature, as well as revealing the relations and connections between them as much as possible. In addition, in this study, some determinations and suggestions about where modern human rights can be included in the general rights classification, which have not been emphasized in the classical literature but have become very important today.
Alan : İlahiyat
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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