Özet:

In this study, the education policies in Turkey were discussed during the period from the proclamation of the Republic to the first military coup of the Republic(1923-1960). In the introduction part of the study; brief information about the concepts of education and education policy are given. In the historical process, educating citizens in the direction needed by the state has been done by governments that have executive power. For this reason, governments in Turkey have been effective in determining and implementing education policy. Therefore, in the main part of the study, the governments and education policies that served in the Republican period between 1923 and 1960 were emphasized. In this context, firstly, the governments established during the Atatürk period(1923-1938), their programs, educational policies and the educational activities to be carried out were tried to be explained. Information was given about the education policy followed in the context of nine government programs established during this period. Education policies of this period; Atatürk's ideas and thoughts, Misak-ı Maarif or Education Pledge, Teşkilat-ı Esasi, the priorities of the state and governments were shaped. Therefore, the first Republican government, The First Inönü Government adopted the education policy of the previous Ali Fethi (Okyar) Government and maintained continuity in the state. It can be said that the preparation of the Okyar Government Program’s based on the Misak-ı Maarif was effective in this. In this process, the most detailed program regarding education policies and practices was put forward by the First Bayar Government. During this period, a national education policy was followed that was appropriate for the era, centered on reason and science, the qualities of the republic, and Atatürk's goal of reaching or even surpassing the level of modern civilization. During the period of Ismet Inönü(1938-1950), nine governments were established. During the Second World War(1939-1945), the governments gave priority to the military field, but they also did not leave the field of education empty. In this context, the rural area where a large part of the population lives has been taken to the center, and basic policies have been put forward in the context of village development and education of the villagers. The education policy followed during the Atatürk period continued in this process as well. However, after the Second World War, especially during the Hasan Saka Governments, there was a change and transformation in the education policy. After Turkey's inclusion in the western bloc, the state and CHP liberalized. This situation is reflected in education policies and practices. In this process, the education policy, which was followed especially between the years 1945-1950, was continued by the Governments of the Menderes Period(1950-1960). In a sense, multiparty life, democracy, free market economy, relations with the west have continued to shape education policies and the things to be done. During the Menderes period, a total of five governments were established. The program of the First Menderes Government, in a sense, revealed the basic policy of the Menderes period. For this reason, it has revealed the detailed education policy of this process and the work to be done. Other government programs were not prepared seriously, the 1950 government program was constantly emphasized, and policies suitable for the era were not followed. In a sense, education was not the priority in the Menderes Government Programs, and education was not seen as very functional. At the end of the main part of the study, by mentioning the first military coup of the Republic of Turkey, the educational policy of the first National Unity Committee Government or First Cemal Gursel Government established after the coup and the studies to be carried out were put forward. In the bipolar world, the first military coup took place on May 27, 1960, due to the reflection of the rivalry between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Türkiye. After the coup, the National Unity Committee or the First Cemal Gursel Government was established. This government has defined itself as the “Revolution Government”. For this reason, one of the areas that the government wants to reform has been national education. The issue of rescuing the National Education Organization structure and programs from their unstable state was seen as the “most urgent” task. In addition, it was wanted to be transformed into a modern and national institution that works with certain methods that education needs. Thus, the First Gursel Government has again made national education a priority issue of the country. It has assigned various functions to education and followed a policy accordingly. This meant that a more modern, scientific and qualified education policy should be followed.

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