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Öz George Berkeley (1685-1753) meşhur üç İngiliz emprist filozofundan (John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume) birisidir. O, immateryalist ve idealist bir düşünür olarak bilinmektedir. Esasında immateryalizm Berkeley’in idealizmine verilen isimdir. Bir başka deyişle, immateryalizm Berkeley’in algılanan dünya teorisinin adıdır. Berkeley, en önemli eserleri olan İlkeler ve Üç Diyaloglar’da iki temel metafizik tezi savunmuştur: O, maddî bir cevherin/tözün olmadığını (immateryalizm), evrende var olan her şeyin hem varlığı hem de devamı için bir zihne/ruha/tine bağlı olduğunu iddia etmiştir (idealizm). Yani ona göre var olan şeyler, sadece zihinler ve idealardır/fikirlerdir. Öyle ki Berkeley, varlığı algılanmış olmaya bağlamış, “var olmak algılanmaktır” ilkesi gereğince de zihinden bağımsız bir maddenin var olamayacağını ifade etmiştir, yani algının var olmasını zihnin varlığına dayandırmıştır. Berkeley’e göre, varlığı sürekli varlıkta tutan şey, insanların algılamalarıdır, insanların algılamadığı durumlar da ise Tanrısal algıdır. O, bilhassa septik ve materyalist düşüncelerin ateizme yol açtığını belirtmiş ve bu türden zararlı düşüncelerle mücadele edilmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Bu sebeple "Tanrı'nın varlığı" meselesi, onun felsefî sisteminin merkezindedir ve özel öneme sahiptir. Ona göre bütün varlıkların var olma sebebi Sonsuz Zihin/Ruh/Tin olan Tanrı’dır, zaten nihaî gerçeklik maddî değil tinseldir, var olan her şey de bu tinsel gerçekliğe/Tanrı’ya dayanmaktadır. İşte bu çalışmanın amacı, Berkeley’in immateryalist metafiziğini, dolayısıyla da Tanrı’nın varlığına ilişkin getirdiği farklı perspektifi araştırmaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Berkeley, Algı, İdea, İmmateryalist Metafizik, Tanrı’nın varlığı.
Abstract George Berkeley (1685-1753) was one of the most famous three British empirical philosophers (John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume). He is known as an immaterialist and idealist thinker. Immaterialism is the name given to Berkeley’s idealism. 'Immaterialism' is the name for his theory of the perceived world. Berkeley advocates two metaphysical theses in his most important works, Principles and Three Dialogues: He argued that there is no material substance (immaterialism), that everything that exists in the universe depends on a mind/spirit for both existence and continuation (idealism). So, according to him, there are only minds and ideas that are mental concepts. So much that Berkeley connected existence to be perceived and stated that in accordance with the principle of "being perceived", a substance independent of the mind cannot exist, means that the perception exists based on the existence of the mind. According to Berkeley, what makes the existence constantly exist is the perceptions of people, in the situations that people do not perceive, is divine perception. In particular, he argued that the septic and materialist thoughts caused atheism and that such harmful thoughts should be fought. For this reason, the subject of "the existence of God" is at the center of his philosophical system, which is of particular importance. According to him, the cause of the existence of all beings is God, the ultimate reality is spiritual, not material, everything that exists is based on this spiritual reality/God. The aim of this study is to investigate Berkeley’s different perspective of the proof of God’s existence. Keywords: Berkeley, Perception, Ideas, Immaterialist Metaphysics, Existence of God.
Abstract George Berkeley (1685-1753) was one of the most famous three British empiricists philosophers (John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume). He is known as an immaterialist and idealist thinker. İmmaterialism is the name given to Berkeley’s idealism. 'immaterialism' is name for his theory of the perceived world. Berkeley advocates two metaphysical theses in his most important works, Principles and Three Dialogues: He argued that there is no material substance (immaterialism), that everything that exists in the universe depends on a mind/spirit for both existence and continuation (idealism). So, according to him, there are only minds and ideas that are mental concepts. So much so that Berkeley connected existence to being perceived and stated that in accordance with the principle of "being perceived", a substance independent of the mind cannot exist, means that the perception exists based on the existence of the mind. According to Berkeley, what makes the existance constantly exist is the perceptions of people, in the situations that people do not perceive, is divine perception. In particular, he argued that the septic and materialist thoughts caused atheism and that such harmful thoughts should be fought. For this reason, the subject of "the existence of God" is at the center of his philosophical system, which is of particular importance. According to him, the cause of the existence of all beings is God (The Infinite Mind/Spirit), the ultimate reality is spiritual, not material, everything that exists is based on this spiritual reality/God. The aim of this study is to investigate Berkeley's different perspective of the proof of God's existence. Keywords: Berkeley, Perception, İdea, İmmaterialist Metaphysics, Existence of God.
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