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Kütüphanelerde bulunan eserler insanlığın yazılı hafızasıdır. İnsanlar çok eski zamanlardan beri bu kültür hazinesini korumaya özen göstermişler, bir zarar görmemesi için özel tedbirler alma ihtiyacı hissetmişlerdir. Bunun için özel binalar yapmışlar, özel görevliler tayin etmişler, kitaplar ve kütüphanelerle ilgili cilt, kâğıt, süsleme sanatları gibi meslek dalları geliştirmişlerdir. Bununla beraber yine de insanlık, zaman içerisinde meydana gelen yangın, savaş, işgal, yağma gibi durumlar karşısında çaresiz kalmış, nadide pek çok eserin kaybolup gitmesine engel olamamıştır. Özellikle bizim coğrafyamız bununla en acı şekilde yüzleşmiş hem işgale uğramış hem de yağmalanmıştır. Her şeye rağmen kütüphanelerimizin raflarını süsleyen, geçmişin bilgi birikimini günümüze aktaran, geçmişle gelecek arasında bilgi köprüleri kuran pek çok nadide eser gibi tecvid ve kıraat ilmine dair yazma eserler de zamanımıza kadar gelebilmeyi başarmıştır. Bu değerli bilgi hazinesini bizden sonraki nesillere aktarmak için ilmi araştırma yapanların bu konu ile daha çok ilgilenmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple Sivas Ziya Bey Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi’ndeki yazma tecvid ve kıraat ilmi ile ilgili eserlere araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmek için bu çalışmayı yaptık. Bunun geç kalmış bir çalışma olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. 1908 yılında Yusuf Ziya Bey’in gayretleri ile Dâru’r-Râha Kütüphanesi adıyla kurulan Sivas Ziya Bey Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi bugün iki binden fazla yazma esere ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu kütüphanede hemen her ilim dalına ait yazma eserlerle birlikte tecvid ve kıraat ilmine dair yazma eserler de bulunmaktadır. Biz bu çalışmayı söz konusu kütüphanenin kataloğunu esas alarak tecvid ve kıraat ilmine dair hangi eserlerin olduğunu tespit etmek amacıyla yaptık. Ayrıca bu eserlerden yola çıkarak geçmişte Sivas ve çevresinde tecvid ve kıraat eğitiminin üç kısımda gerçekleştiği kanaatine vardık. 1- Halk düzeyinde alınan tecvid eğitimi: Kur’an okumasını öğrenenlerin iptidai eğitimle beraber almak zorunda oldukları bir bilgidir. Bu sayede ibadetlerinde yanlış yapmaktan korunmuş olurlar. Bu, halk dilinde, Karabaş Tecvidi diye bilinen metotla yazılmış tecvid kitapları okunarak elde edilmiştir. Günümüzde Kur’an kursları ve imam hatip liselerinde bu metotla tecvid eğitimi sürdürülmektedir. 2. Daha ileri düzeyde medrese eğitimiyle birlikte alınan tecvid eğitimi: Bu düzeyde olanlara ed-Dürrü’l-yetîm, Cühdü’l-mukill gibi eserler okutularak daha detaylı ve geniş tecvid kültürüne vakıf olmaları sağlanırdı. Buna mesleki tecvid eğitimi de denilebilir. İmamlık, müezzinlik, ibtidâiyye medresesi muallimliği veya medrese eğitimini biraz daha ilerleterek molla denilen, belli düzeyde eğitim görmüş kimselerin almış oldukları tecvid eğitimidir. Günümüzde hizmet içi eğitimlerde, kısa süreli seminerlerde bu düzeyde bilgiler verilmektedir. 3. Yüksek düzeyde eğitim alanların veya kıraat-ı aşere okumak için altyapı oluşturanların aldıkları tecvid eğitimi: Bunlar İbnü’l-Cezerî Mukaddimesi’ni ezberlemek ve şerhlerini okumak suretiyle tecvidin meselelerini etraflıca anlayıp illet ve ihtilaflarına vakıf olduktan sonra kıraat-ı aşere eğitimi alacak düzeye gelmiş olanlardır. Bundan sonra kıraat-ı aşere, takrib ve tayyibe eğitimi alınırdı. Ziya Bey Kütüphanesi’ndeki yazma kıraat eserlerinden hareketle burada Mısır Tariki ve Mutkin mesleki üzere kıraat ilmi eğitimi yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Günümüzde Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na bağlı bazı eğitim merkezlerinde bu ve diğer tarik ve mesleklerle kıraat-ı aşere, takrib ve tayyibe eğitimi sürdürülmektedir.
The works in the libraries are the written memory of mankind. People have been careful for the preservation of this cultural treasure since the very ancient times, they have felt the need to take special measures to prevent it from being damaged. For this, they built special buildings, appointed special officers, developed branches of professions related to books and libraries, such as leather, paper, decoration arts. Nevertheless, mankind has been disappointed in the face of situations such as fire, war, occupation, robbery that occur in time, and rarely many works have not been able to prevent it from disappearing. In particular, our geography faced it most painfully, both occupied and stolen. Nevertheless, many rare works, such as texts and writings about the sciences of the crater, which decorate the roofs of our libraries, which transfer the knowledge of the past to the present, which build the bridges of information between the past and the future, have succeeded in coming to our time. To transfer this valuable treasure of knowledge to the next generations of us, the scientists need to be more interested in this subject. This is why Mr. Sivas Ziya Writing Works Library has done this work to attract the attention of the researchers to the works related to the writing tecvid and the curvature science. We can say that this is a late work. The Sivas Ziya Mr. Writing Works Library, founded in 1908 by the efforts of Mr. Yusuf Ziya and the Dâru'r-Râha Library, today hosts more than two thousand writing works. In this library there are written works of every branch of science, along with the texts of the tecvid and the crater science. We did this work based on the catalogue of the library in question in order to identify which works are related to the tecvid and the crater science. In addition, from these works, we have come to the point that in the past Sivas and around it, the trial and curvature training took place in three parts. The knowledge of the Qur’an is the knowledge of those who learn to read the Qur’an, and the knowledge of the Qur’an is the knowledge of those who learn to read the Qur’an. They will be protected from doing wrong in their worship. This is achieved by reading the textbooks in the people's language, known as Karabaş Tecvidi. Nowadays, the Qur’an courses and the Imam Hatip high schools are continuing with this method of teaching. 2nd Thro
The works in libraries are the written memory of humanity. People have taken care to protect this cultural treasure since ancient times, and they felt the need to take special precautions to avoid any damage. For this purpose, they built special buildings, appointed special officials, and developed professions such as binding, paper and decorative arts related to books and libraries. However, humanity remained helpless in the face of situations such as fire, war, invasion and looting that occurred over time, and could not prevent many rare artifacts from disappearing. Especially our geography has faced this in the most bitter way, it has been both invaded and plundered. Despite everything, manuscripts on the science of Tajwīd and Qirā’āt, like many rare works decorating the shelves of our libraries, transferring the knowledge of the past to the present, establishing bridges between the past and the future, have also managed to survive to our time. Scientists who do scientific research need to be more interested in this issue in order to pass on this valuable treasure of knowledge to the next generations. For this reason, we conducted this study to draw the attention of researchers to the manuscripts on Tajwīd and Qirā’āt science in Sivas Ziya Bey Manuscript Library. We can say that this is a belated study. Sivas Ziya Bey Manuscript Library, which was established in 1908 with the efforts of Yusuf Ziya Bey, under the name of Dār al-Rāha Library, hosts more than two thousand manuscripts today. In this library, there are manuscripts of almost every branch of science, as well as manuscripts on tajwīd and qirā’āt. We made this study in order to determine the works of tajwid and qiraat based on the catalog of this library. In addition, based on these works, we came to the conclusion that tajwīd and qirā’āt education in Sivas and its surroundings took place in three parts. 1. Tajwid education at the public level: It is the information that those who learn to read the Qur’ān have to get along with their primary education. In this way, they are protected from making mistakes in their rituals. This was obtained by reading tajvid books written in the method known colloquially as Karabash Tajwīd. Today, tajwīd education continues with this method in Qur'ān courses and Imam Hatip high schools. 2. Tajwīd Education, which was taken together with the more advanced madrasah education: Those who were at this level would have been taught books such as al-Durr al-Yatīm, Cuhd al-Muqil, and they were able to learn a more detailed and comprehensive tajwīd culture. This can also be called professional tajwid education. It is the tajwīd education of people who have received a certain level of education, called mullah by furthering the education of imam, muezzin, madrasah ibtidaiyah or madrasah education. Today, this level of information is given in in-service training and short-term seminars. 3. Tajwid education received by those who have a high level of education or those who set up a foundation for reading qirā’āt-ı ashara (the ten canonical readings): These are the ones who come to the level of the ten canonical readings education after understanding the issues of tajwīd by memorizing the al-Muqaddimah of Ibn al-Jazarī and learning about causes (‘illat) and disputes (ikhtilāf). After that, qirā’āt-ı ashara, taqrīb and tayyibah training would be learned. Based on the manuscripts in the Ziya Bey Library, it is understood that there is a scholarly education in recitation on the Egyptian Method (Mısır Tarīq) and Mutkin profession. Today, in some education centers affiliated to the Presidency of Religious Affairs, the training of qirā’āt-ı ashara, taqrīb and tayyibah are carried out with these other methods and professions.
Field : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Ulusal
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