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İletişimin en kolay, ucuz ve etkin yöntemi haline gelen internet üzerinden yapılan işlemler, günümüzde kişilerin iş ve özel yaşamlarının vazgeçilmez bir unsuru haline gelmiştir. Bu gerçek, sözleşme kurulmasında da kendini göstermektedir. Sözleşmelerin internet üzerinden kurulmasının diğer sözleşmelerden tek farkı, tarafların irade beyanlarını internet üzerinden iletiyor olmalarıdır. Bu sözleşmelerin yabancılık unsuru içermesi halinde, irade beyanlarının internet üzerinden gönderilmesinin kanunlar ihtilafı kurallarına yapacağı olası etkiler incelenmelidir. 5718 Sayılı Kanunun 24. maddesine göre ana kural, sözleşmeden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıklara tarafların seçtiği hukukun uygulanmasıdır. Eğer bir hukuk seçimi varsa, tarafların iradelerinin tespiti ve yorumlanması ile uygulanacak hukuk belirlenecektir. Hukuk seçiminin bulunmaması halinde, objektif kural, sözleşmeyle en sıkı ilişkili hukukun uygulanmasıdır. Bu konuda yasal karine, karakteristik edim borçlusunun sözleşmenin kuruluş anındaki mutad meskeni hukukunun uygulanmasıdır. Sözleşmenin internet üzerinden kurulmuş olması, sözleşme ile en sıkı irtibatlı hukukun ya da karakteristik edimin tespiti konusunda herhangi bir etki yaratmamaktadır. Yine tarafların iradelerinin tespiti ve yorumu ile sonuca varılacaktır. Web sitesi üzerinden kurulan sözleşmelerde tarafların iradelerinin tespiti ve yorumlanması zordur. Bu tür sözleşmelerin büyük çoğunluğunu tüketici sözleşmeleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle tüketici sözleşmeleri çalışmada ayrı bir başlık altında incelenmiştir. 5718 Sayılı Kanunun 26. maddesine göre, tüketici sözleşmelerinden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıklarda da ana kural tarafların seçtiği hukukun uygulanmasıdır. Buna karşılık, seçilen hukukun uygulanmasında bir sınırlama vardır. Buna göre, tüketicinin mutad meskeninin sağladığı asgari koruma saklıdır. Çalışmada, genel hüküm ve şartlar içinde bulunan hukuk seçiminin geçerliliği konusu ayrıca incelenmiştir. Tüketici sözleşmelerinde hukuk seçiminin bulunmaması halinde, objektif kural, tüketicinin mutad meskeni hukukunun uygulanmasıdır. Buna karşılık bu kuralın uygulanması için, sözleşme ile tüketicinin mutad meskeni arasında bir ilişki kurulması gerekmektedir. Sözleşmenin internet üzerinden kurulması halinde, web sitesi sahibinin tüketicinin mutad meskeni ülkesine yönelmiş aktif bir ticari faaliyetinin bulunması halinde bu ilişki kurulacaktır. Tüketicinin mutad meskeni ülkesine yönelmiş aktif ticari faaliyetin şartları çalışmada ayrıntıları ile incelenmiştir.
Transactions made via the internet, which has become an easy, cheap and effective way of communicating, have become an indispensable element of people’s business and private life today. This is the fact that it shows itself in the contracts. The only difference between the establishment of contracts via the internet and other contracts is that the parties are sending their declarations of will via the internet. If these contracts contain a foreign element, the possible effects of the sending of the declarations of will via the Internet on the rules of conflict of law should be examined. According to Article 24 of the Law No. 5718, the main rule is the application of the law choosed by the parties to disputes arising from the contract. If there is a legal choice, the law to be applied will be determined by the identification and interpretation of the will of the parties. If there is no choice of law, the objective rule is the application of the law related to the non-contract. The legal penalty in this regard is the application of the mutad residence law at the time of establishment of the contract of the characteristic debtor. The fact that the contract is established via the internet does not have any effect on the identification of the law or characteristic action related to the contract. The conclusion will be reached with the identification and interpretation of the parties' will. In the contracts established through the website, it is difficult to identify and interpret the will of the parties. The vast majority of such contracts are consumer contracts. Consequently, consumer contracts are studied under a separate title in the work. According to Article 26 of the Law No. 5718, the main rule in disputes arising from consumer contracts is the application of the law chosen by the parties. In contrast, there is a limitation in the implementation of the chosen law. Accordingly, the minimum protection provided by the mutad housing of the consumer is kept. In the study, the validity of the legal choice within the general provisions and conditions was also examined. If there is no legal choice in consumer contracts, the objective rule is the application of the consumer's mutad residence law. In contrast, for the application of this rule, a relationship between the contract and the consumer's mutad residence must be established. If the contract is established via the internet, this relationship will be established if the owner of the website has an active commercial activity directed to the consumer’s mutad country of residence. The conditions of the consumer's mutad residence country-oriented active commercial activity have been studied in detail in the work.
Transactions made over the internet (which has become the easiest, cheapest and effective method of communication), have become an indispensable element of people’s business and private lives today. This fact also manifests itself in the establishment of contracts. The only difference between the establishment of contracts over the internet and other contracts is that the parties send their will statements over the internet. If these agreements contain foreign elements, the possible effects of sending the declarations of will on the internet to the rules of conflict of laws should be examined. According to Article 24 of Turkish Code No. 5718, the main rule is that the law explicitly designated by the parties shall be used in disputes that arise from the contracts. If there is a choice of law, the law to be applied will be identified by determining and interpreting the intents of the parties. In the absence of a choice of law, the disputes shall be governed by the law most connected to the contract. The legal presumption in this regard is that the law to be applied shall be the law of the place of business or habitual residence of the debtor of the characteristic performance of the contract. The fact that the contract was formed online has no effect on the determination of the law most connected to the contract or the determination of the characteristic performance of the contract. Again, the conclusion will be drawn by determining and interpreting the intents of the parties. It is difficult to determine and interpret the parties’ intents in contracts established over websites. The vast majority of such contracts are consumer contracts. Thus, consumer contracts are examined in a separate section in this study. According to Article 24 of the Turkish Code No. 5718, the main rule is that the law designated by the parties will be applied in case a choice of law exists. Yet, there is a limitation on applying the chosen law. According to this, the minimum protection to which the consumer will be held through the statutory provisions of the law of his/her habitual residence, are reserved. In this study, also the validity of the choice of law within general terms and conditions is examined in detail. In the absence of a choice of law in consumer contracts, the law to be applied shall be the law of the habitual residence of the consumer. However, in order for this rule to be applied, there needs to be a connection between the contract and the country in which the consumer’s habitual residence is located. In case the contract is formed via the internet, such a connection will be established only if the website owner demonstrates commercial or professional activities targeting the country in which the consumer’s habitual residence is located. In this study, a discussion regarding the determination of commercial or professional activities that target the consumer’s habitual residence was made in detail.
Field : Hukuk
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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