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Felsefe tarihinin geleneksel metafizik anlayışlarına, modern dünyanın yerleşik ahlaki değerlerine ve Hristiyanlığa yönelttiği eleştiriler ile adından söz ettiren Nietzsche, çağına karşı yapmış olduğu toptan bir karşı çıkış ile tanınır. Nietzsche’ye göre hayatı sürdürmeyi sağlayan değerler değerini kaybetmiş, sağlam temeller üzerinde durmamakta ve böylece soylu bir yaşam sürdürmeyi imkânsız hâle getirmektedir. Çünkü var olan değerler zayıf, güçsüz karakterli insanlar tarafından belirlenmekte ve ruhen fakir olana neyin yaradığına bağlı kılınmaktadır. Sempati, tevazu ve merhamet gibi özellikler erdem seviyesine çıkarılmakta, eşitlik yüceltilmekte, güçlü ve bağımsız birey ise tehlikeli ve kötü olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Böylesi bir durum insanı ve yaşamı sahteleştirmektir. Eğer hayatı idame ettiren değer yapısı çökmüşse değerlerin yeniden değerlendirmesi şarttır. Bu noktada Nietzsche, insanı kendi iradesi aracılığıyla kendi hayatının sorumluluğunu almaya davet etmekte, insanı her türlü bağımlılıktan uzaklaştırarak kendi ayakları üzerinde durmaya çağırmakta ve çözüm olarak “üstinsan”ı önermektedir. Hakkındaki bilgiyi Platon’un “Gorgias” diyalogundan edindiğimiz ve Nietzsche’den yaklaşık 24 asır önce yaşadığı varsayılan ünlü bir Sofist olan Kallikles’de de Nietzsche’nin mevcut değerlere yöneltmiş olduğu eleştirilerin benzerlerini görmekteyiz. Tıpkı Nietzsche gibi Kallikles de toplumun “erdem” olarak gördüğü kanaatkârlık, fedakârlık, ölçülü olmak gibi durumları bir erdem olarak kabul etmemektedir. Çünkü bunlar zayıf karakterli insanların uzlaşımı sonucu onların çıkarları gözetilerek elde edilir. Zayıflar, güçlüleri korkutur onların kazanmasını engeller. Hâlbuki Kallikles, insanlardan bu erdemlere olan bağlarını parçalayarak onlardan kurtulma cesaretini göstermelerini ister. Bu noktada gözünü budaktan sakınmayan “gözü pek” insana işaret etmektedir. Bu görüşü ile Kallikles belki de kendisinden çok sonra yaşayan Nietzsche’nin üstinsan düşüncesini ortaya atmasında fikir babalığı yapmıştır.
Nietzsche, referring his name to the traditional metaphysical concepts of philosophy history, to the established moral values of the modern world, and to his criticism of Christianity, is known for his massive opposition to his age. According to Nietzsche, the values that allow life to be sustained have lost their value, do not stand on a solid foundation and thus make it impossible to maintain a noble life. For the existing values are determined by weak, weak people, and spiritually depend on what is useful to the poor. Characteristics such as sympathy, compassion and mercy are raised to the level of virtue, equality is praised, and the strong and independent individual is considered dangerous and evil. This is a way of deceiving man and life. If the value of life is broken, it is necessary to re-evaluate the values. At this point, Nietzsche invites man to take the responsibility of his own life through his will, calls man to stand on his own feet by removing him from all kinds of addiction, and suggests the "supreme man" as a solution. We see similar criticisms in Kallikles, a supposedly famous Sofist who lived about 24 centuries before Nietzsche, which we gained information about it from Platon’s “Gorgias” dialogue. Like Nietzsche, Kallikles does not accept the circumstances such as being a virtue as the “demption” of society, the sacrifice, and the measurement. Because these are achieved by the consensus of the people with a weak character by monitoring their interests. The weak fear the weak; it prevents them from winning. But Kallikles asks people to break their bonds with these virtues and show the courage to get rid of them. In this point, the eye of the man who does not take care of the blind signs. With this point of view, Kallikles made a thought-father in revealing the supernatural thought of Nietzsche, who may have lived far after him.
Abstract Nietzsche, who spoke of the name with his critics about the traditional metaphysical notions of the history of philosophy, the established moral values of the modern world, and Christianity, is known by a complete protest he made against the age he lived. According to Nietzsche, the values that helped to keep alive lost value did not stand on solid foundations and thus made it impossible to maintain a noble life. Because the existing values were determined by people with weak and powerless characteristics and were made to depend on what they were doing to the poor. The characteristics such as sympathy, humility and compassion were brought to the level of virtue, equality was exalted, and the strong and independent individual was regarded as dangerous and bad. Such a situation masqueraded people and life. If the value structure that has led to life has collapsed, the revaluation of values is a must. At this point, Nietzsche invited the human being to take responsibility for his own life through his own will, called on people to stand on their own feet by removing them from all kinds of addictions and suggested “superman” as a solution. We have learned the information about him from Plato's dialogue ‘Gorgias’ and supposed to have lived about 24 centuries before Nietzsche, a famous Sophist, Callicles also had similarities to the criticisms that Nietzsche directed toward existing values. Just as Nietzsche did, Callicles did not consider situations such as conceit, sacrifice, a restraint that the society regards as virtue as a virtue. Because they were the result of the reconciliation of people with weak characters, taking into account their interests. The weakens scared strengths; they prevented their winning. However, Callicles wanted people to show courage to get rid of them by breaking their bonds with these virtues. At this point, he pointed out “heartless human” who does not take care of his eyes. With this view, perhaps Callicles was the father of Nietzsche, who had lived long after himself, in bringing forth supernatural thoughts.
Field : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Ulusal
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