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Çocuk hakları ve çocuk işgücünün istismarı tarihin en köklü çocuk sorunlarındandır. Çocuk hakları, doğrudan çocukları korumaya dönük yasal bir metin halinde 20. yy. başlarında Batı dünyasında gündeme gelmiştir. Bu konuda en kapsamlı yasal belge 1989 tarihli “Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi”dir. Eski Türk kültüründe çocuğun korunması ve yetiştirilmesine ilişkin törelerle belirlenmiş birtakım uygulamalar mevcuttur. Osmanlı’da 1824 tarihli “Talim-i Sıbyan Fermanı”, bu alanda yaşanan problemlerin çözümüne yönelik ilk yasal yazılı belgelerden biridir. Bu ferman daha çok temel eğitimi zorunlu hale getiren ilk yasal metin olarak görülmüştür. Türkiye'de eğitimi zorunlu kılan ilk belgelerden biri olarak fermana bilimsel çalışmalarda sıklıkla atıfta bulunulmuştur. İçeriğinde, çocuk işgücünün istismar edilmesinin önlenmesi ve çocukların eğitim yoluyla hayata hazırlanması konusuna vurgu yapılmıştır. Türkiye'de çocuk hakları alanında ilk yazılı yasal belge olarak bilinen bu düzenleme içeriği itibariyle önem kazanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda ferman, çocuk hakları alanında hem dünyada hem de Türkiye'de en önemli belgelerden biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı II. Mahmut'un 1824 tarihli “Talim-i Sıbyan Fermanını” incelemek ve tanıtmak, bir diğer amacı ise ilgili ferman’ı çocuk hakları açısından değerlendirmektir. Araştırma, nitel yönteme dayalı doküman incelemesi deseninde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada “Talim-i Sıbyan Fermanı” temel kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu ferman Ahmet Cevdet Paşa’nın “Tarih-i Cevdet” adlı eserinin Osmanlıca aslından elde edilmiştir. Fermanın içeriği Osmanlıca aslıyla verilmiş ayrıca günümüz Türkçesine de aktarılmıştır. Ferman’ın 1989 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde güvence altına alınan dört temel alandan “gelişme” ve “korunma” haklarını güvence altına almaya yönelik olduğu açıkça görülür. Fermanda öne çıkan iki husus; “temel eğitimin zorunluluğu” ve “çocuk işgücünün istismarının önlenmesi”dir. Bunlardan ilki, çocuğun “gelişim hakkı”, ikincisi, “korunma hakkı” ile ilgilidir. Ferman’da; temel dini bilgileri öğrenmenin önemi vurgulanmış, aynı zamanda ebeveynlerin duyarsızlığı nedeniyle cehaletin yayılmasına işaret edilmiştir. Bunun temel sebebinin ailelerin çocukları para kazanmak amacıyla okul yerine çalışmaya göndermeleri olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu nedenle, cehaletin toplumda yaygınlaşmasına ve çocukları gençken eğitmenin önemine dikkat çekilmiştir. Fermanda asıl amaç, ailelerin ve esnafın çocuk işgücünün sağlayacağı mali gelire karşı cesaretini kırmaktır. Çocukların istismarını önlemek amacıyla cezai müeyyideler öngörülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, eğitimciler tarafından iyi bilinen ve sıklıkla dile getirilen “Talim-i Sıbyan Fermanı” çağdaş çocuk hakları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. II. Mahmut, bu fermandaki hükümlerle çocukları ebeveynlerin ve esnafın insafına terk etmemiş ve temel eğitimlerini zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Ferman ile çıraklık yerine, ergenlik çağına kadar çocukların temel eğitim okuluna gönderilmesi zorunlu hale getirildi. Böylece, ferman çocuğa eğitim hakkını kullanmada yardımcı olmuş, diğer yandan çocuk işgücünün kötüye kullanılmasını engellemiş ve çocuğun fiziksel ve zihinsel gelişimi için daha sağlıklı bir ortam hazırlamıştır. Bu özelliğiyle Türk çocukluk tarihinin yanı sıra Türk eğitim tarihi açısından da önemli bir belgedir. Ayrıca bu fermanın, dünya çocukluk tarihinin ilk ve en önemli yasal belgelerinden biri olduğu söylenebilir. Bu ferman, 1989 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi'nden yaklaşık bir buçuk yüzyıl önce çocukların “gelişme” ve “korunma” alanındaki haklarını gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, ferman Türk ve dünya çocukluk tarihi açısından son derece önemli bir belgedir.
Child rights and child labour abuse are one of the most rooted child problems in history. The rights of the child, in the form of a legal text aimed at protecting the children directly. It started in the western world. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child) was adopted in 1989. In ancient Turkish culture, there are a number of practices determined by the ceremonies relating to the protection and education of the child. The 1824 "Talim-i Sibian Ferman" in Ottoman is one of the first legal written documents to solve the problems that occur in this area. This ferman has been seen as the first legal text that makes more basic education mandatory. As one of the first documents that made education mandatory in Turkey, fermana has been frequently referred to in scientific studies. It emphasizes the prevention of child labour abuse and the preparation of children for life through education. In Turkey, the content of this regulation, known as the first written legal document in the field of children's rights, has gained importance. In this context, Ferman has become one of the most important documents in the field of child rights both in the world and in Turkey. The main objective of this work is 2. To study and promote Mahmut's "Talim-i Sibian Ferman" of 1824 and another purpose is to evaluate the relevant ferman in terms of children's rights. The research was carried out on the basis of the quality method document examination pattern. In the study, the "Talim-i Sibian Ferman" was used as the main source. The subject is obtained from the Ottoman origin of the work "Tarih-i Cevdet" by ferman Ahmet Cevdet Pasha. The content of Ferman was actually given in Ottoman and was also translated into today's Turkish. It is clear that Ferman’s aim is to guarantee the rights to “development” and “protection” from the four main areas guaranteed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989. The two aspects highlighted in Fermanda are “the obligation of basic education” and “the prevention of child labour abuse”. The first of these concerns the "right of development" of the child, the second, the "right of protection". In Ferman, the importance of learning basic religious knowledge was emphasized, and the spread of ignorance due to the sensitivity of parents was also pointed out. The main reason for this is that families send their children to work instead of school in order to make money. Therefore, the importance of ignorance in society and the education of children in young age has been highlighted. The main objective of the farm is to break the courage of families and
The rights of the child and the exploitation of child labor are among the most fundamental child problems in history. The rights of the child have come into question in the Western world in the early 20th century as a legal text aimed directly at protecting children. The most comprehensive legal document on this subject is the “United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child” of 1989. In ancient Turkish culture, there were some practices regarding the protection and upbringing of the child determined based on the customs. The “Edict of Talim-i Sıbyan (Education of Infants)” of 1824 in the Ottoman Empire is one of the first legal written documents aimed at solving the problems in this area. This edict was mainly deemed as the first legal text making primary education compulsory. As one of the first documents making primary education compulsory in Turkey, the edict has been referred to frequently in scientific studies. In the contents of the edict, the emphasis was placed on the prevention of exploitation of child labor and the preparation of children for life through education. This edict, which is known as the first written legal document in the field of the rights of the child in Turkey, gains importance with this content. In this context, the edict has been one of the most significant documents in the field of the rights of the child both in the world and in Turkey. The main objective of this study was to examine and introduce the “Edict of Talim-i Sıbyan (Education of Infants)” dated 1824 of Mahmut II. Another objective is to evaluate the relevant edict in terms of the rights of the child. The research was conducted in a document review pattern based on the qualitative method. The “Edict of Talim-i Sıbyan (Education of Infants)” was used as the main source in the study. The edict in question was extracted from the Ottoman original of Ahmet Cevdet Pasha's work named “Tarih-i Cevdet (History of Cevdet)”. The contents of the edict were given in Ottoman original as well as translated into modern Turkish. It is clear that the edict was intended to secure the rights of “development” and “protection” that are among the four basic areas secured in the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The two issues that come to the fore in the edict are the “necessity of primary education” and the “prevention of exploitation of child labor”. The first one relates to the child's “right to development” and the second one relates to the “right to protection”. The edict emphasized the importance of learning basic religious knowledge and also pointed to the spread of ignorance due to the indifference of parents. It is stated that the main reason for this is that the families send children to work instead of school to make money. For this reason, attention has been drawn to the spread of ignorance in society and the importance of educating children as they are young. The main purpose of the edict is to dissuade the families and tradesmen from the financial income provided by child labor. To prevent the abuse of children in that way, the edict prescribed penal sanctions. In this study, the “Edict of Talim-i Sıbyan (Education of Infants)”, which is well known and frequently referred to by educationists, was evaluated in terms of the contemporary rights of the child. With this edict, Mahmut II did not leave children at the mercy of the parents and tradesmen and made their primary education compulsory. Thanks to the edict, it was made compulsory for children to be sent to a primary education school, instead of apprenticeships, until adolescence period. Thus, the edict helped the child to exercise his/her right to education, on the one hand, prevented abuse of child labor and prepared a healthier environment for the child's physical and mental development, on the other hand. With this nature, the edict is an important document in terms of the history of Turkish education as well as the history of Turkish childhood. It can also be said that this edict is one of the first and most important documents in the world's childhood history. This edict brought the rights of children in the areas of “development” and “protection” into question nearly a century and a half before the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. In this context, the edict is a very important document in terms of Turkish and world's childhood history.
Field : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Hukuk; İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler; Spor Bilimleri
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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