Abstract:

Abstract en“Haskalah”, i.e., the Jewish Enlightenment, denotes a movement that was established in Western Europe in the second half of the 18th century. Its purpose was to make Judaism conformable with the conditions of changing and developing world, to diffuse the European culture among the Jews and to integrate them into the societies in which they lived. Through the Haskala movement, which arose in parallel with the European Enlightenment, the Jews broke their crusts and began to assimilate the language, culture, knowledge, and ideals of the European society. Emerged in Western Europe, it later spread to Eastern Europe, and finally in Russia, when the Jews were accused of the assassination of Alexander II, leading to a violent anti-Semitism, it transformed to the Zionist movement. Therefore, the Haskalah movement had a key role not only in the emergence of the Jewish Reform movement but also in the rise of the Zionist thought

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