Abstract:

The 11th century was very impressive in terms of cultural developments along with the momentum-gaining developments in the military and politics in Turkish history. Being contemporary of Divânü Lügâti't Turk (the compendium of the Turkic dialects), the masterpiece named Kutadgu Bilig has been complemented in this era in Kashgar (1069-1070). Yusuf Has Hacip has penned this written work which has been written initially after the adoption of Islam by the Turks, in 6645 couplets in Karakhanid Turkish, the only known written language by the time. In the work described an ideal state that is how it should be. Kutatgu Bilig is one of the most valuable resources illuminating issues of jurisdiction and legislation of Turkish culture. Therefore, over thousands of studies that are recognized by the world of science have been conducted since 1825. Kutatgu Bilig was always found worth studying in terms of his language as well as being studied in philosophical, political, religious aspects. In every period of the Turkish literature, numerous repetitions were used in order to ensure harmony, consolidating the meanings, strengthening, enriching the concepts and also facilitating to stay in memory. Many studies have been made relating to these formations which are purported by the terms "atf-i tefsir" in Ottoman, "hendiadyoin, reduplication dual" in English, "Verdoppelung, Zwilligsformen, hendiadyoin" in German, "redoublement, hendiadyoin" in French, on historical texts as well as on idioms and proverbs. In ancient Göktürk texts we frequently come across hendiadyses like "gold, silver" (gold, silver), "gold convoy", "at kü" (name, fame), "kurt koŋuz" (bugs and insects) and "wretched and miserable" (wretched and miserable). Also in Uighur Turkish texts we see examples such as "acur acur" (slowly, quietly), "asane" (safe and sound) "one by one" (one by one). In today's Turkish idioms, innumerable hendiadyses keep on using like "low up (roughly), debt debt (by borrowing and difficultly), corner cranny (nook and cranny), headlong (headlong)". Respectable amount of hendiadyses are found also in this work which is one of the two masterpieces of Karakhanid Turkish. Unlike the Divânü Lügâti't Turk, nature imitating hendiadyses are not encountered. The hendiadyses are formed through the stereotypes and treated as a unitary word that cannot be divided and locations of the words cannot be altered. Alongside the hendiadyses highly successfully used in the work, by multiplexing and expanding the words occurred in them, tripartite, quadripartite word groups or even groups having five parts have been produced. Building by increasing the hendiadyses, these structures are not as consistent as the hendiadyses themselves. Peculiar to this work, this can be seen as a self-trial. Because as in hendiadyses, in tripartite and quadripartite word groups, no nature-imitating words were used and it is preferred to arrange the synonyms or words in close meanings or equivalent in apprehension, according to an acoustic concordance ranking. This arrangement is not as robust as in the hendiadyses. Because it is not impossible to come across an altered placement of words in the multipartite word groups in various couplets. Rothschild has identified 445 tripartite word groups in modern Turkish and 45 in Rothschild Epic. And we have identified 43 tripartite word groups used with nouns and 16 with verbs. It is evident that, the use of the hendiadyses and multipartite word groups is a phenomenon showing a course of development in both historical dialects and literary works. These multiple repetitions in words which are usually built up with words similar to nouns show in lean, derived or suffixed forms. Concrete, nouns, politics, military, kinship names, nature and color names and metals are the fields that the noun-akin repetitions are used. The repetitions with opposite meanings in the hendiadyses cannot be observed in multipartite word groups. This is also impossible logically. Multipartite word groups composed by synonyms can also be built up with verbs, although they are rare. Besides the use of structures with the grammatical moods, there also uses with adjective-verb structures, with prepositions and conjunctions exist. It is not considered strange the word groups having five parts to subsume the whole couplet and to make complete sentences.

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