Özet:

In the 19th century, especially revolutions in industry and transportation caused huge increases in the volume of international trade. While this process negatively affected craftsmen in Ottoman lands, it created great opportunities for trade-related sections with Europe. Within this framework, it has increased the wealth of merchants with such connections, especially among the Greek and Armenian communities. This situation also caused changes in the internal structure of non-Muslim communities. The social groups led by the merchant coterie gradually made efforts to increase their power against the administration of the church within their own communities and formed the social foundation of separatist nationalist movements. Another important result of these developments was the establishment of new schools beyond the control of religious institutions. During this period, the Ottoman ruling class supported the reform demands within the non-Muslim communities on the one hand and on the other, treated these communities as millets which essentially expressed a religion-based distinction in the Ottoman administration, instead of nations, in order to prevent from increasing the territory losses.

Anahtar Kelimeler: