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Maraş’ta Cizye Vergisinin Aktarıldığı Yerler ve Cizye Tahsilinde Yaşanan Zorluklar (XVII. ve XIX. Yüzyıl)
2021
Journal:  
Turcology Research
Author:  
Abstract:

Osmanlı Devleti’nde farklı dine mensup ve birçok etnik gruptaki insan uzun yıllar boyunca bir arada yaşadı. Gayrimüslimlerde sosyal, ekonomik ve dini yaşantılarını devletin kendilerine vermiş olduğu zimmî statüsü ile özgür bir şekilde yaşadılar. Müslümanlar gibi devlete de vergi ödeyen gayrimüslimler, özellikle cizye vergilerini ekonomik durumlarına göre ödediler. Devlet ise bu vergiyi buluğ çağı ile 65 yaş arasındaki gayrimüslimlerden topladı ve bu verginin toplandığı yerlere de ödendiğini gösteren temessük veya tezkire denilen bir belge verdi. Ayrıca bu vergi Osmanlı’nın önemli gelir kaynakları içerisinde yer aldığı için verginin tahsilinde ve nerelere aktarılacağı konusunda titiz davranıldı. Osmanlı Devleti’nin önemli kentlerinden olan Maraş’ta da gayrimüslimler diğer şehirlerde olduğu gibi devlete cizye vergisini ekonomik durumlarına göre ödedi. Devlet ise toplamış olduğu bu vergileri kentteki güvenilir kişiler veya atamış olduğu cizyedarlar vasıtası ile topladı. Bununla birlikte vergi toplama işinin kefil gösterilerek ihale usulü ile de verildiği oldu. Toplanan bu vergilerde merkez hazinesine veya şehirdeki cami, buk’a, medrese, vakıf, hac masrafları ve asker maaşları için aktarıldı ve bu yerlere her yıl belirli miktarda cizye vergisinden ödeme yapıldı. Gerçekleştirilen harcamalarda merkeze ayrıntılı bir şekilde bildirildi. Cizye vergisi hakkında şikâyet olduğunda da devlet bunu hemen araştırıp sorun var ise çözüme kavuşturdu.

Keywords:

The Places Where Jizya Tax Is Transferred In Maras and Difficulties In The Collection Of Jizya (xvii. and Xix. Century)
2021
Journal:  
Turcology Research
Author:  
Abstract:

People of different religions and different ethnic groups lived together for many years in the Ottoman Empire. For this reason, non-Muslims lived their social, economic, and religious lives freely with the dhimmî status given to them by the state. Non-Muslims, who paid taxes to the state like Muslims, especially paid their jizya taxes according to their economic conditions. The state collected this tax from non-Muslims between the age of puberty and 65 years of age, and a document called temessük or tezkîre was given to the places where this tax was collected. In addition, since this tax was among the important sources of income for the Ottoman Empire, meticulous care was taken regarding the collection of the tax and where it would be transferred. In Maras, one of the important cities of the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims paid the tax to the state according to their economic status, as in other cities. The state, on the other hand, collected these taxes by means of reliable persons in the city or the jizya officers it appointed. However, tax collection was also given through tender procedure by showing the guarantor. These taxes were transferred to the central treasury or the mosque in the city, buk’a, madrasah, waqf, pilgrimage expenses, and military salaries, and a certain amount of taxation was paid to these places every year. The expenditures made were reported to the head office in detail. When there was a complaint about the jizya tax, the state immediately investigated and resolved if there was a problem. 

Keywords:

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