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Meşruiyet olgusu siyasal iktidarların vazgeçilmez bir parçası konumundadır. Çünkü yalnızca yönetilenlerin rızasını kazanmış meşru siyasal iktidarlar varlıklarını koruyabilirler. Tarih boyunca hukuk, bilgi, ortak yarar, din gibi çeşitli meşruiyet ölçütleri var olmuştur. Bunlar arasında din olgusu her dönemde bir şekilde siyasal iktidarların meşruiyet kazanmasında etkili olmuş bir meşruiyet kriteridir. Ortaçağ Avrupası’nda da dinsel meşruiyet Hıristiyanlık dini merkezinde gelişmiştir. Roma İmparatorluğu’nda Hıristiyanlığın kabulü ile din olgusu siyasal iktidarın meşruiyetini sağlayan etkili bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Roma tarafından kabul edilmesinden önce devletin varlığına karşı olumsuz bir yaklaşım benimseyen Hıristiyanlık ise Roma İmparatorluğu’nun resmi dini haline geldikten sonra siyasal iktidar üzerinde etkili olmaya başlamıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Doğu ve Batı olarak ikiye ayrılmasından sonra ise Batı Roma İmparatorluğu topraklarında doğan otorite boşluğu Kilise tarafından doldurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu süreçte Kilise Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’na ve Batı Avrupa’daki krallıklara karşı Kilise’nin bağımsızlığını kabul ettirmek için çeşitli teoriler geliştirmiştir. Bu teorilerin zirve noktası İki Kılıç Kuramı’dır. Bu kurama göre dünyevi güç ve ruhani güç birbirinden ayrıdır. İlk başta Kilise’nin bağımsızlığı için geliştirilen bu teori yüzyıllar içerisinde hem ruhani hem de dünyevi gücün Kilise’nin elinde toplanmasını ve Kilise’nin siyasal iktidarları istediği şekilde yönetebildiği bir düzenin oluşmasını netice vermiştir. Bu çalışmada, ortaçağ Hıristiyan siyasal iktidar düşüncesinin gelişimi ve bu düşünce içerisinde oluşan meşruiyet anlayışı incelenecektir. Bu çerçevede ortaçağda Roma döneminde ve Roma sonrasında Hıristiyanlık ve siyasal iktidar ilişkisi üzerinden ortaya çıkan meşruiyet sorunları ve bu sorunların çözüm çabaları ele alınacak ve bu çabaların merkezinde bulunan teori olarak İki Kılıç Kuramı’nın gelişimi ve meşruiyet sorunlarının çözümünde etkili olup olmadığı araştırılacaktır.
The phenomenon of legitimacy is an indispensable part of political powers. For only the legitimate political powers who have gained the consent of the rulers can preserve their assets. Over the course of history, there have been various legitimacy standards such as law, knowledge, common interest, religion. The religious phenomenon among them is a criterion of legitimacy that has been effective in obtaining legitimacy of political powers in any way in every period. In the Middle Ages, religious legitimacy developed in the Christianity religious center. With the acceptance of Christianity in the Roman Empire, the religious phenomenon has become an effective element of the legitimacy of political power. Christianity, which adopted a negative approach to the existence of the state before it was accepted by Rome, began to influence political power after it became the official religion of the Roman Empire. After the division of the Roman Empire as the East and the West, the power gap that was born in the territory of the West Roman Empire was attempted to be filled by the Church. During this process, the Church developed a variety of theories to accept the independence of the Church against the Eastern Roman Empire and the kings in Western Europe. The top point of these theories is the Theory of Two Swords. In this theory, worldful power and spiritual power are distinct. This theory, initially developed for the independence of the Church, resulted in the centuries of the gathering of both spiritual and secular powers in the hands of the Church and the formation of an order in which the Church can govern the political powers as it desires. In this study, we will study the development of the middle-aged Christian political power thought and the sense of legitimacy formed within this thought. In this framework, the legitimacy issues arising through the relationship between Christianity and political power in the Middle Ages and after Rome and the efforts to solve these problems will be addressed and the theory that is at the heart of these efforts will be examined whether the two Swords Theory is effective in the development and solving the legitimacy issues.
The legitimacy concept has been an indispensable part of the political powers. Because, only legitimate political powers that have gained the consent of the governed can maintain their existence. Various legitimacy concepts such as law, knowledge, common good, and religion have been preferred throughout history. Religion, among all of them, is a legitimacy criterion that somehow has had an influence on gaining legitimacy for the political powers in every period. Additionally, religious legitimacy in Medieval Europe arose in the center of Christianity. Along with the acceptance of Christianity in the Roman Empire, the religion concept became an effective factor in ensuring the legitimacy of political power. Christianity which had a negative attitude towards the existence of a state before it was accepted by the Roman Empire, had started to be effective over political power following its acceptance by the Roman Empire. After the Roman Empire was split into East and West Roman Empires, the Church tried to fill the authority gap that was seen in the land of the West Roman Empire. During this period, the Church developed several theories to make the East Roman Empire and kingdoms in West Europe recognize the independence of the Church. The peak point of these theories is the Doctrine of Two Swords. Temporal power and spiritual power are two separate things as per this doctrine. This theory which had been created for the independence of the Church in the first place resulted in the Church gathering both the temporal power and spiritual power under itself over centuries and creating an order where the Church can manage the political powers with sole discretion. In this study, the development of the medieval Christianity political power idea and legitimacy concept that arose inside that idea will be examined. Within this framework, legitimacy issues arose from the Christianity and political power relation during and after the Roman period, and attempts to solve these issues will be discussed, and development of the Doctrine of Two Swords, as the theory in the center of all these attempts, and whether it had an effect on the solution of the legitimacy issues will be searched.
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