Abstract:

Poetry is the expression of the social, political and cultural aspects of a society into lines in certain artistic forms by blending the emotions of the poet. In this respect, it was inevitable that the desert, which represents every aspect of the life of the Bedouin Arab, should be included in the poetry of Jahiliyya. When the Bedouin Arab, who leads a nomadic life, migrates from one place to another in the desert, he visits the place where he lived before, and sees the traces of the piles of the tents, broken jugs, sooted hearths, the remains of the ashes in the stoves where food was cooked, and the memories he lived with both his lover and friends are replayed in his mind. In his eulogy, the poet stops his friends next to these ruins and they shed tears together, which is called “ruins”, in Arabic literature. Ruins, which is the reflection of the Bedouin Arab's migration culture in literature, became an indispensable part of the ode and identified with the poetry of the period. One of the most important facts on which Muawiya built the Umayyad State, "Arab Asabiyyah", reveals the Bedouin, which is the root of the Arab, and the desert life as an indispensable quality. Thus, atlâl, which is the reflection of the desert life of the Bedouin Arab in literature, became an indispensable element of the eulogy in this period, as in the Age of Ignorance. Like many other Umayyad poets, the symbol poets of the period Cerîr, Ferezdak and Ahtâl also gave a wide place to atlâl in their odes. It is noteworthy that Muawiya used poetry as a weapon both to make the public accept his ideas, which he built his state, and to satirize his opponents. For this reason, the Umayyad caliphs and administrators did not hesitate to use material resources to attract the poets to their side. The leading poets of the period Cerîr, Ferezdak and Ahtâl sided with the caliphs, both praising them and satirizing their rivals. Thus, both poetry and the phenomenon of atlâl manifested as the most important literary products of Umayyad literature.

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