Abstract:

After this article focuses on the conversions about female homosexuality at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Fatma Aliye’s novel Refet (1898) will be studied. During this period, male intellectuals identified female homosexuality with ignorance, retardation, and female homosexuality, while women formed a new understanding of friendship by taking elements from the ideals of marriage based on heterosexual love and friendship, from the ideals of male friendship and the idea of patriotic friendship as well as from relativity and domestic relationships. Fatma Aliye has defined a female communism based on female friendship, which will make it possible to escape the heterosexual marriage in Refet, and will make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible to make it possible. In the novel, where male characters are almost absent, a female friendship is imagined, defined by learning and education, by spiritual and sexual association.