Özet:

The interactions between the Hejaz and the Ottoman Empire were initiated during the early sixteenth century, continuing across numerous centuries. Undoubtedly, this prolonged temporal span encapsulated pivotal and decisive junctures, substantially shaping and subsequently influencing their affiliations throughout successive ages. Specifically, it delineated the configuration, structure, and magnitude of the connections binding the Ottoman Empire and the Hejaz province, a dynamic that endured to contemporary epochs. Within this study, we shall scrutinize the administrative, political, legal, and economic interconnections between the Hejaz and Istanbul during the reigns of Sultan Suleyman I (the Magnificent) (r. 1520-66), his successors, Selim II (r. 1566-74) and Murad III (r. 1574-95). Our investigation will rest upon the archival materials of that era, with particular emphasis on the literary contributions of Qutb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī (d. 992/1584), a preeminent historian of the Hejaz who lived concurrently with Suleyman I and his heir. This research is notable for its concentration on a pivotal epoch that indelibly shaped the governance of the Hejaz region and the intricate rapport it maintained with the Ottoman Empire. It achieves this by shedding fresh illumination on the prominent personages who wielded authority within the region. A substantial contribution of this study lies in its utilization of previously untapped sources, notably the personal writings of individuals intimately linked with the Hejazi rulers and intricately connected to the decision-making nucleus in the Ottoman capital. Of particular significance is the meticulous examination of an invaluable extant manuscript authored by al-Nahrawālī, who not only held the mantle of a poet and writer but also served as a firsthand observer, with his testimonies meticulously chronicled within his account. This inquiry transcends a mere retelling of the writer's recollections, delving deeper into comparative scrutiny of the narratives proffered by the Hejazi historian and the insights gleaned from documents enshrined in the Ottoman archives. The study delved into the initial interactions between the Ottoman Empire and the Hejaz region, in the era of Qansuh al-Ghuri (r. 1501-16), who sought Ottoman assistance to counter Portuguese encroachments upon Islamic territories. These incursions spanned the Red Sea coasts, extending through Oman to the Indian shores. Under Sultan Selim I's reign, Ottoman dominion stretched to the Hejaz, leveraging their control over Egypt. In 1517, the Emir of Mecca, Barakāt II, played a pivotal role as the Ottomans dispatched an emissary led by his son Muḥammad Abū Numayy (r. 1512-66), marking the inception of their influence in the region. The Hejaz occupied a distinctive status within the Ottoman administrative structure; rather than establishing it as an autonomous province ruled directly from the capital, the Ottomans incorporated it within the sphere of the Egyptian province. Governance was a shared endeavor entrusted to the inaugural prince and his successor. The rationale underpinning this governance structure in the Hejaz was explored and ascribed to the influential figure of Muḥammad Abū Numayy bin Barakat during that era. His reign as a prince in the region endured for an impressive seventy-two years. A bid by Sultan Suleyman to oust him, orchestrated with encouragement from the Egyptian governor Semiz Ali Pasha (d. 1565), proved futile. Consequently, the governance arrangement persisted unchanged until the Saudi era 16 October 1924. The study aimed to corroborate the presence of a mutual reverence characterizing the relationship between the region's rulers and Ottoman sultans. This respect extended to distinguished individuals, encompassing historians and scholars native to the Hejaz, partook in esteeming the Ottoman sultans. Such sentiments were particularly pronounced in the context of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. This research seeks to demonstrate how the ascendance of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence paralleled Ottoman supremacy over the Hejaz. This ascendance was intricately entwined with the pivotal role played by Hanafi judges. The Ottoman Empire's intertwinement with the Hejaz spanned realms encompassing economics, politics, and administration, bolstered by its affiliations with Egypt.

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