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DİN İKİ KISIMDIR: ALLAH İNDİNDEKİ DİN VE HALK İNDİNDEKİ DİN (DİN KAVRAMINA FÜSÛS MERKEZLİ BİR BAKIŞ)
2020
Dergi:  
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazar:  
Özet:

İnsanoğlunun ontolojik sorularına cevap vermenin yanı sıra bu cevaplarıyla onu ikna etmeye çalışan din, hikmetli sözler ile cezbeden, bağlıları için keskin kurallar örgüsü ile de itaati şart koşan bir yapıdır. Bu yapının en başında tanrı veya tanrılar, sonrasında bu tanrı ve tanrılardan haber aldığı kabul edilen insanlar, silsilenin üçüncü aşamasında ise bu tanrı veya tanrılardan haber alanların misyonunu devam ettiren din görevlileri, son halkada ise inananlar yer alır. Bu hiyerarşik yapı genel mânâda tüm dinlerde görülebilmektedir. Dinlerin isimlerinde ve şeriat/kurallarındaki farklılıklar bu hiyerarşiyi büyük ölçüde değiştirecek düzeyde değildir. Din üzerine yapılan her çalışma, din meselesini daha da karmaşık hale getirmektedir. “Tanrı tasavvurları” üzerine inşâ edilen “din tasavvurları”nın çeşitliliği, tasavvur eden kişi adedince dinden bahsetmeyi mümkün hale mi getirmektedir? Tanrı’ya giden yolların mahlukâtın nefesi adedince olduğunu varsayan düşünceyi esas alırsak, tasavvurlar adedince din ve tanrı yorumunun olduğu kabul edilebilir mi? İslâm dininin temel kaynağı Ku’rân metni, din hakkında en net cümleyi şu şekilde inananlarına aktarır: “Allah indindeki din İslâm’dır”. Peki Allah’ın indindeki din olan İslâm ile kul indindeki İslâm aynı mıdır? Kullar indindeki İslâm, Hak indindeki İslâm ile ne kadar benzerlik arz etmektedir? Bu sorular üzerine inşâ edilen çalışmamızın temel gâyesi, mümkün olduğu ölçüde bu cevaplara yaklaşabilmektir. Müslüman coğrafyada Muhammedî Şeriat, İslâm olarak anlaşılırken Allah indindeki din Muhammedî Şeriat olarak kabul edilmez. Öyle ki, “Allah’ın indi” ifâdesi ile anlaşılan ezelî olan dindir. Çünkü Allah’ın indindeki hak/hakikat değişen ve farklılaşan bir şey olamaz. Hz. Muhammed’e kırk yaşında gönderilen vahyin adının “İslam” olarak isimlendirilmesi, tarihin belli bir noktası ile başlamıştır. Dolayısıyla, tarihsel olarak mevcudiyeti tespit edilebilir bir olgudur. Ancak Allah indindeki din olan İslâm, Hz. Âdem’den Hz. Muhammed’e kadar gelen bütün şeriatlara verilen bir isim olarak anlaşılmıştır. Bu cihetle, Allah indinde olan İslâm, yeryüzünde farklı şeriat biçimleri olarak tezahür etmiş/peygamberlere vahyedilmiştir. Nitekim bugün kendini Müslüman olarak tanımlayan bir kimsenin, imanın şartlarından olan “peygamberlere ve kitaplara iman” şartı, her bir mü’minin kabul etmesi zorunlu olan esaslardandır. Hz. Âdem’den Hz. Muhammed’e kadar olan dini anlama biçimlerindeki farklılıkları, âyet ve hadislerde yer alan din-İslâm tanımlamalarında da görmek mümkündür. Âl-i İmran sûresi, 19. âyette yer alan “Allah indideki din, İslâm’dır” ibâresinde yer alan İslâm, teslim olma/boyun eğme/inkıyâd olarak tanımlanırken din kelimesi “Muhammedî Şerîat” olarak kabul görmüştür. İbnü’l-Arabî, Fusûsu’l-Hikem adlı eserinde peygamberlere birtakım hikmetler tahsîs etmiş ve bu hikmetlerle ilintili mevzûlara işâret etmiştir. Din konusu, hikmet-i rûhiyyenin Yakûb kelimesine tahsîs edildiği sekizinci kısımda yer almaktadır. Yakûb Fassında “din” konusunu anlamaya çalışacağımız bu metinde öncelikle farklı din tanımlamalarına, sonra âyet ve hadis çerçevesinde din algısına, son olarak da İbnü’lArabî’nin eserlerinde ve bu eserlerin şârihlerinin yorumlarında anahtar bir kavram olan “din” olgusunu anlamaya çalışacağız. İbnü’l-Arabî, dini ikiye ayırır: Allah indindeki ve halk indindeki din. Allah indindeki dini de anlatırken, Hakk’ın bildirdiği kimse indindeki din ve Hakk’ın bildirdiği kimsenin bildirdiği kimse indindeki din şeklinde hiyerarşik bir düzlemde aktarır. Öyle ki, Hakk’ın bildirdiği kimse Cebrâil, Hakk’ın bildirdiği kimsenin bildirdiği kimse ise Hz. Peygamber olarak anlaşılabilir. Bu noktada, halk indindeki din de iki kısımdır. Nebevî şerîata tâbi olanların ve fetret vakti hikmet sahibi kimselerin indindeki din. Bu noktada İbnü’l-Arabî, Hak indindeki dinin tüm bu dinlerden mutlak sûrette üstün olduğunu belirtir. Dinlerin halk indindeki çeşitliliği, din hakkında ihtilafı beraberinde getirmiştir. İbnü’l-Arabî’nin din hakkındaki düşünceleri yıllarca, “dinlerin aşkın birliği” şeklinde ifade edilmiştir. Özellikle Gelenekselci Ekol’ün bu hususta geniş değerlendirmeleri bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda “dinlerin aşkın birliği” meselesine yer vererek Fusûs’da aktarılan, dinin mâhiyeti itibariyle “dinler” ile kast edilenin “örf ”, “an‘ane” olduğu, âyette işâret edilen “tek din” olmadığı anlaşılabilir. Bu husûsu, gölge metaforu ile şu şekilde özetlememiz mümkün gölge sahibi “Hak indindeki din”, gölgeler ise “halk indindeki din”dir. Dolayısıyla “varlık” (vücûd) meselesinde olduğu gibi “din” meselesinde de “teklik” (vahdet) söz konusudur. İbnü’l-Arabî özetle dini, boyun eğme (inkıyâd) olarak tanımlar. Bu boyun eğmeyi de kişinin fiillerinin aynı olarak görür. Bu açıdan bakıldığında İbnü’l-Arabî, fiillerin ya da muâmelâtın din olduğu fikrine sahip görünmektedir. Bu noktada şu hususu belirtmek gerekir ki, boyun eğme fiilinin din olarak isimlendirilmesi ile Hak indindeki mutlak din kast edilmiş görünmemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

There are two kinds of religion: the religion of Allah and the religion of the people.
2020
Yazar:  
Özet:

In addition to answering the ontological questions of mankind and trying to convince him with these answers, religion is a structure that attracts with wise words and requires obedience with a string of strict rules for his bonds. In the beginning of this structure, the gods or gods, then the people who are believed to receive the message from these gods and gods, and in the third stage of the silicon, the religious officials who continue the mission of those who receive the message from these gods or gods, and in the last round, the believers. This hierarchical structure can be seen in all religions in general. The differences in the names of religions and the charities/rules are not at a level that will greatly change this hierarchy. Every work on religion makes the issue of religion even more complex. Does the diversity of the “religious paintings” built on the “God’s paintings” make it possible for the person who paintes to speak of the religion? If we rely on the thought that the ways to God are the breath of the creature, can it be accepted that the patterns are the religion and the interpretation of God? The main source of the Islamic religion is the Qur’an text, the clearest phrase about the religion translates to those who believe in this way: “The religion in Allah is Islam.” Is the religion in God the same as the Islam in the servant? And how much is the truth of the Islam, the truth of the Islam? The main reason for our work on these questions is to be able to approach these answers as far as possible. In Muslim geography, Muhammad's Sharia is understood as Islam, but the religion in Allah is not accepted as Muhammad's Sharia. The word “Allah” is the word “Allah” is the word “Allah” is the word “Allah”. There is no change in the truth of God, and there is no change in the truth. by Hz. The name "Islam" of the revelation sent to Muhammad at the age of forty has begun with a certain point in history. Therefore, historically, its presence is a detectable fact. Islam is the religion of Allah. from Adam. It is understood as a name given to all the sharia that came to Muhammad. The Islam, which is in Allah, is revealed to the Prophets in the various forms of sharia in the earth. Indeed, the condition of the one who defines himself as a Muslim today, the "belief in the prophets and the books" which are the conditions of faith, is one of the principles that every believer must accept. by Hz. from Adam. It is possible to see the differences in the forms of religious understanding that have come to Muhammad, also in the religious-Islam definitions contained in the verses and hadiths. In the 19th verse of the Qur’an, the Qur’an says: “The Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). In the eighth verse of the Qur’an, the Qur’an was revealed in the Qur’an, the Qur’an was revealed in the Qur’an. In this text we will try to understand the subject of "religion" in Yakub Fass, we will try to understand the fact of "religion", which is a key concept in the works of Ibn al-Arabi and the interpretations of these works, first to the different religions, then to the perception of religion in the framework of the verses and hadits. The Islamic religion is divided into two parts: the religion in Allah and the religion in the people. When the religion in Allah is also told, the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right and the one who has been told by the right. Whoever knows the truth, he knows the truth; whoever knows the truth, he knows the truth; whoever knows the truth. It can be understood as a prophet. In this point, the people’s religion is also two parts. Those who are wise, and those who are wise, and those who are wise. In this point, Ibn al-Arabi states that the religion in the truth is superior to all these religions. The diversity of religions in the people brought with them the controversy about religion. Ibn al-Arabi’s thoughts on religion have been expressed for years in the form of “the unity of love of religions”. Especially the traditional ecology has broad assessments on this subject. In our study, it is possible to understand that the question of "religion love unity" is translated in Fusûs, which is meant by "religion" and "religion" which is meant by "religion" and "an'ane" which is not "the only religion" marked in the verses. We can summarize this with the shadow metaphor in this way: the shadow is the "religion in the righteousness" and the shadow is the "religion in the people". So, as in the matter of “existence” (body) as in the matter of “religion” as in the matter of “unity” (vahdet) as in the matter of “religion”. The Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an, the Qur’an is the Qur’an. He sees the same thing as the person’s behavior. In this regard, Ibn al-Arabi appears to have the idea that the facts or the mutuality are a religion. In this point, it is necessary to note that the fact of obedience as a religion does not appear to be intended by the absolute religion in the truth.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Religion To Be In Two Fragments: The Religion In The Sight Of Allah, and The Religion In The Sight Of The Common (viewing The Concept Of Religion From Fusūs-based Perspective
2020
Yazar:  
Özet:

Beside answering the ontological questions of humanity, religion also tries to persuade with its answers. Religion is a structure that requires obedience from his followers. Its set of rules while attract them by wise words. At the top of this structure there is a God or are Gods. Secondly, the people accepted to be received messages directly from God or Gods, thirdly clergymen who carry out missions of the ones who received messages from God or Gods, and finally in the last ring the followers take part. This hierarchic formation basically seen on all the religions. The differences in the names and sharia / rules of religions are not at a level to greatly change afforamantioned hierarchy. Every study on religion makes the issue of religion more complex. Does the variety of “Religion conception” that built on “God conception” make it possible to mention numbers of the religions as the numbers of the people? If we base on the idea that suppose the number of the way reach to the God as the numbers of the creatures, can we accept the religion and god conception numbers as the numbers of the thoughts? Main foundation of the Islam is Quran, which conveys this straight sentence to believers: “Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam.” What about the religion in the sight of the people, is it same with religion in the sight of Allah? How much Islam in the sight of servants, shows similarity with the Islam in the sight of the Al Haqq? Main purpose of our study is to get closer as possible as to the answers of them. Muslim geography understands Muhammadan sharia as Islam while Islam in the sight of Allah does not accepted as Muhammadan sharia. So that, religion in the sight of Allah understood as the eternal religion. The testimony that was sent to Mohammad when he was forty, started to be named as Islam in a certain point of the history. Islam that in the sight of Allah apparently named for all the sharia from Adam to Mohammad. Therefore, Islam the one and the only religion in the sight of Allah, was revealed to the prophets in different forms of sharia. Today for someone who describes himself/herself as Muslim must accept the pillars of belief which “Belief in the Holy Books and in Prophets”. Diversity of understanding the religion that from Adam to Mohammad, can be seen in verses and Hadith that defines religionIslam concept. “Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam” take place in Al Imran 19th verse reminds Islam as commitment/obedience/submission while the religion words perceived as Islam. “ad-Din” refers to “Islam” meanwhile “din” refers to all types of believes. Ibn al Arabi assigned some wisdoms to the prophets and pointed out subjects related with these wisdoms in his work Fusus al-Hikam. The topic of Religion took place in 8th chapter which wisdom of spirit assigned to the word Jacob. In this text that we try to understand, “religion” in Chapter Jacob primarily describing the different religions, then follow religion perception around verses and Hadith and finally we try to find out key religion notion in the works of Ibn al Arabi and commentaries to these works. Ibn al Arabi describe religion two different way: in the sight of Allah and in the sight of people. He konveys his description in the sight of the Allah in a hierarchic platform, religion in the sight of the one who informed by Haqq, religion in the sight of the one who informed by the one Haqq informed. So that, the one who is informed can be understood as Gabriel, and the ones Gabriel informed are prophets. In this point, religion in the sight of the people is also two sided. People who depends to the sharia of prophets and people who had faith in era of no prophets or lacked the existed one. Ibn al Arabi remarks superiority of the religion in the sight of Haqq over all the religions in straight way. Variety of the religion in the sight of the people, bring with conflicts about religion itself. Ibn al Arabi’s ideas on religion is described as “unity of love and religion” for years. Especially traditional schools have wide appreciations. Giving place to “unity of love and religion” in our study allows to understand essence of the “religions” transmitted by Fusus al-Hikam as “custom”, “tradition” not the “only religion”. Briefly explaining this matter is possible with allegory of shadows; owner of the shadow is “religion in the sight of the Haqq” whereas the shadow is “religion in the sight of the people”. Therefore, just like the matter of the “existence” (wujud), in the “religion” matter there is “unity” (wahdah) in question. In summary, Ibn al-Arabi defines religion as submission. He sees this submission as the actions/practices of the person. From this point of view, İbnü’l-Arabî seems to have the idea that the actions or treatments are religion. At this point, it should be noted that the absolute religion in the index of truth does not appear to be meant by the naming of subjugation as religion.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

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Dergi Türü :   Uluslararası

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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi