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Birleşmiş Milletler 2019 verilerine göre Afganistan, Suriye’den sonra dünyanın en fazla mülteciye kaynaklık eden ülkesi durumundadır. 1979 yılında Sovyetler Birliği’nin Afganistan’ı işgal etmesiyle başlayan savaş, güvenlik sorunları ve bunların beraberinde getirdiği istikrarsızlık, Afganistan’da bir mültecilik kültürü doğurmuştur. Savaşın ilk yıllarında öncelikle komşuları Pakistan ve İran’a sığınan Afgan mülteciler, savaşın uzamasıyla dünyanın birçok ülkesine yayılmıştır. 2000’li yıllara kadar çok sınırlı sayıda Afgan mültecinin geldiği Türkiye, ABD’nin 2001 yılındaki işgalinden sonra Afgan mülteci akını ile karşılaşmıştır. 2015-2019 arasındaki 5 yılda Türkiye’de yakalanan düzensiz göçmenlerin üçte birini, sayıları 400 bini aşan Afganlar oluşturmaktadır. Daha ziyade Özbek ve Türkmen kökenli Afganlar, Türkçeyi çok kolay öğrenmeleri ve dini inançları nedeniyle Türkiye’yi tercih ederken, emek yoğun enformel sektörlerde kolay iş bulabilmektedirler. Türkiye’nin bir çok ilinde kayıt dışı sektörlerde çalışan Afganlar, iş bulma imkanlarının daha fazla olduğu İstanbul’a da yönelmişlerdir. Beykoz ilçesi Yenimahalle mahallesi, binlerce Afgan gencin akın ederek mekânsal kümelenme gösterdiği bir yer olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Bu araştırma, Afganların neden Yenimahalle’de yoğunlaştıklarını, geliş yöntemlerini, yerel halk ile ilişkilerini, enformel sektöre eklemlenme biçimlerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada nicel ve nitel araştırma yöntemleri birlikte kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Yenimahalle’de 100 kişi ile yüz yüze anket, 10 kişi ile yarı yapılandırılmış soru formu kullanılarak derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nitel veriler, temalaştırma ve betimsel analiz yöntemi nicel veriler ise, SPSS programında işlenerek, frekans ve ilişkisel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Bulgulara göre, kaçak yollarla Türkiye’ye gelen Afganlar, uygun kira olanakları ve göçmen ağlarını kullanarak zincirleme göç ile Yenimahalle’de kümelenmekte, emek yoğun ucuz işgücüne olan ihtiyaç nedeniyle kolaylıkla enformel sektöre eklemlenmektedir.
According to the United Nations 2019 data, Afghanistan is the world’s largest refugee source after Syria. The war, security issues and instability that began with the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979 have brought up a refugee culture in Afghanistan. In the early years of the war, Afghan refugees, primarily their neighbors to Pakistan and Iran, have spread to many countries of the world with the expansion of the war. Turkey, where a very limited number of Afghan refugees arrived until the 2000s, has met with the flow of Afghan refugees after the U.S. occupation in 2001. One-third of the irregular immigrants captured in Turkey in the five years between 2015 and 2019 are Afghanistan, with a total of over 400,000. Instead, Uzbek and Turkmen Afghan people prefer Turkey because of their very easy learning and religious beliefs, they can easily find work in the work-intense informal sectors. In many provinces of Turkey, Afghan workers working in unregistered sectors have also turned to Istanbul where they have more opportunities to find jobs. Beykoz district Yenimahalle neighborhood is a place where thousands of Afghan youth are flowing and demonstrating spatial accumulation. This study aims to explore why the Afghans are concentrated in the Yenimahalle, their methods of arrival, their relations with the local people, and the ways of adding to the informal sector. In this study, qualitative and qualitative research methods have been used together. In the framework of the research, 100 people in Yenimahalle face-to-face survey, 10 people with half-structured question form using deep interviews were carried out. Qualitative data, subjective and visual analysis method; quantitative data, processed in the SPSS program, is subject to frequency and relative analysis. According to the findings, Afghans who come to Turkey by evacuated roads, using appropriate rental facilities and immigrant networks, are accumulated in Yenimahalle with chain immigration, work is easily added to the informal sector due to the need for intense cheap labour.
According to the 2019 United Nations data, Afghanistan has been the source of most refugees in the world after Syria. The war that started with the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 brought about security problems and instability. As such, it created a refugee culture in Afghanistan. Afghan refugees, who took refuge primarily in Pakistan and Iran in the first years of the war, spread to many countries because of the prolonged war. Turkey, which had a few Afghan refugees until the 2000s, experienced an influx of Afghan refugees after the U.S. invasion in 2001. One-third of the irregular migrants captured in Turkey in five years (2015–2019) comprise around 400,000 Afghans. Uzbek- and Turkmen-origin Afghans chose Turkey as their country of migration because the Turkish language is very easy to learn and because their religious beliefs align. Furthermore, they find labor-intensive jobs in the informal sector easily. Afghans working in the informal sectors in many provinces of Turkey have headed toward Istanbul where there are more job opportunities. The Beykoz district in Yenimahalle neighborhood attracts attention as a place where thousands of young Afghan men flock and spatially cluster. This research investigates the reasons for the localization of Afghans in Yenimahalle, their arrival methods, their relations with the local people, and their ways of articulation to the informal sector. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used together in this present study. In-depth interviews were conducted in Yenimahalle within the scope of the research. It used face-to-face questionnaires and semi-structured questionnaires. While qualitative data was the thematic and descriptive analysis method, the quantitative data were processed in the SPSS program and were subjected to the frequency and relational analysis. According to the findings, Afghans who illegally come to Turkey are clustered in the Yenimahalle because of chain migration by using appropriate rental facilities and a network of immigrants. They are then articulated into the informal sector easily because of the need for cheap labor-intensive workforce.
Alan : Eğitim Bilimleri; Hukuk; Sağlık Bilimleri; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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