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Bu çalışmanın amacı,Abdulkahir el-Curcani çağına kadar, belagat ilminin tarihi ve gelişme sürecine genel bir bakış sağlamaktır. Diğer bir ifadeyle tedvinden önce ve sonra belağat ilmi denilebilir.Çalışma, aynı zamanda alimlerin beleğat ilmine dair kaideleri belirlemede dayandıkları usul ve esaslara ışık tutmak hedefi ile, belagat ilminin çeşitli dönemlerde geçirdiği süreci de konu edinmektedir. Belagat tarihini ve gelişme dönemini incelen araştırmacı özellikle son dönem alimlerin önceki dönem bilginlerinin eserlerini inceleme konusunda ortaya koydukları gayreti görecektir. Ayrıca belagat ilminin öncelikle zevk, sonrasında eleştiri ve daha sonra belagatı kaideleştirme olmak üzere üç merhaleden geçtiğini ve belagatın edebi eleştiri geleneğinden doğduğunu görecektir. Araştırmanın önemi, neden ve sonuçlarında kendini göstermektedir. Ortaöğretim, lisans ve lisansüstü eğitimin çeşitli kademeleri sırasındaki derslerde edebi zevkin eksikliği ve zayıflığı fark edilmiştir. Belagatın ihmal edilmesi ve yalnızca genel sanatsal imaja odaklanılması gerektiği iddiasında bulunan veya belagatin Arap kökenli değil de diğer medeniyetlerden alındığını iddia eden ya da batı metodolojisine uygun modern kavramlarla belâgat ilmini güncelleme çağrısında bulunan bazı seslerin arasında bizim kendi öğrencilerimizin birçoğunun eleştiri belagatın zayıflığını saymıyorum bile. Dolaysıyla bu çalışma bilim adamlarımızın çağlar boyunca özgünlük, edebi zevk ve eleştirel açıdan belagatın gelişimini ortaya koymak için yapmış oldukları çaba ve gayretlerini göstermek içindir. Araştırmanın önemi, aşağıdaki hedeflere ulaşmayı amaçlamasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. • Belagatın ortaya çıkış tarihi ve çağlar boyu gelişimi üzerinde durmak. • Edebi zevki geliştirmede Arapça gramer, biçim bilgisi ve dil ilkelerini kullanmak • Bilim adamlarının belâgat ilmindeki çalışmalarına vakıf olarak kelimeler ve cümledeki bileşenlar arasında ki farkları ortaya koyma konusunda ne denli mahir olduklarına tanıklık etmek. • Edebi metin örnekleri üzerinde düşünerek okuyucunun belagat ve eleştirel melekesini geliştirmek. Çalışma şairlerin, dil ve kulaklarının aşinalığı sebebiyle doğaçlamaları neticesi çok güzel bir performans sergiledikleri ve yargılarının çoğunlukla bir illete ve sabit belagat temellere bağlı olmaksızın sırf edebi zevkin olduğu İslam öncesi çağda, İslam'ın ilk zamanlarında ve Emevi’ler dönemindeki belagat gelişme aşamalarını ele alacaktır. Doğaçlamaların sağlam olmasından herhangi bir analiz ve eleştirel yargıya ihtiyaç duymadılar, bu da onların tek kabahatidir. Cahiliye dönemi hükümdarlarından en önde geleni “en-Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî”dir. İslam'ın ilk zamanlarında Basra’daki “el-mirbed” ve kûfe’deki “kunâse” pazarları aynen cailiyye dönemindeki Ukâz pazarına benzemekte idi. Bu pazarların en önemli öncüleri arasında Cerîr, Farazdak, zürrumme ve Leylâ el-Ahyeliyye sayılabilir. Edebiyat kitapları, Araplarda kelime ve anlamların doğru seçimlerinden neşet eden edebi güzelliğin ölçülerini gösteren örneklerle dolup taşmıştır. Onlardan bazıları hatip ve şair olarak meşhur olurken, Züheyr b. Ebî Sülma, el-Hutye ve daha başkaları gibi bazıları da kelimelerde doğru seçim, kompozisyon bütünlüğü ve doğru ifade gibi hususlarda ön plana çıkmıştır.
The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the history and process of development of the belagat science, until the age of Abdulkahir al-Curcani. In other words, before and after treatment, it can be referred to as malignant knowledge.The study also addresses the process in which malignant knowledge passes in various periods, with the aim of keeping light on the procedures and principles based on the determination of the malignant knowledge. The researcher who studies the history and period of development will see the efforts that the scientists of the last period have made to study the works of the previous period scientists. He will also see that the knowledge of belagate passes through the triangles, first the pleasure, then the criticism, and then the criticism of belagate, and that belagate is born of the tradition of literary criticism. The importance of the research shows itself in the reasons and results. The lack and weakness of literary pleasure in the courses during the various stages of secondary, undergraduate and postgraduate education has been observed. I do not even count the weakness of the criticism of many of our own students among the voices that claim the negligence and that only the general artistic image should be focused or claim that the negligence is not of Arab origin but of other civilizations or calls for the modern concepts in accordance with Western methodology to update the science of negligence. Thus, this study is intended to show our scientists throughout the ages their efforts and efforts to reveal the development of originality, literary pleasure and critical belonging. The importance of the research is revealed by the aim of achieving the following objectives. • Stay on the date of appearance of the disorder and on the development of the ages. • Use Arabic grammar, form knowledge and language principles in the development of literary pleasure; to witness how skilled the scientists are in revealing the differences between the words and the components of the phrase as a foundation for their work in the literary science. • Improve the reader's discouragement and critical angel by thinking about the examples of literary text. The study will address the phases of naturalization of the poets due to their familiarity with their tongue and ears, where they show a very good performance and their judgments are mostly literary pleasures, without having to depend on an age and fixed basics, in the pre-Islamic era, in the early times of Islam and in the Emevian period. They didn’t need any analysis and critical judgment because the naturalizations were solid, and that’s their only misconduct. The greatest ruler in the world, the greatest ruler in the world, the greatest ruler. In the early times of Islam, the “el-mirbed” markets in Basra and the “kunâse” markets in the Kûfe were similar to the Ukâz market in the Cailiya period. The most important priorities of these markets can be Cerîr, Farazdak, zürrumme and Leylâ al-Ahyeliyye. The literary books are filled with examples showing the dimensions of literary beauty that enjoys the right choice of words and meanings in the Arabs. While some of them became famous as hatip and poet, Züheyr b. Ebî Sülma, al-Hutye and others, some also came to the forefront in terms such as correct choice in words, composition integrity and correct expression.
The aim of this study is to provide a general overview of the history of rhetoric and its evolution through the ages until the age of Sheikh ‘Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, In other words, "rhetoric before and after coding it aimed to create an idea about the march of rhetoric in its successive periods, in order to shed light on those objects that were based on the scholars of rhetoric to sanctify their bases. I chose the era of al-Jurjānī for two reasons: First: His age was the age of maturity in rhetoric and he was about to show quality in the three arts with the completion of her monetary tools. The second is that I was interested in writing an independent research on the rhetorical development following his age and its impact on subsequent studies. The follower of the history of the evolution of rhetoric from the pre-Islamic era until its advancement in the three arts will distinguish the effort of late scientists and their fatigue in tracing the advances through the successive eras. It will be found that rhetoric passed three stages. The first is the delight, and the second is the criticism, an the third is the rhetorical deviation. The rhetorical rules were copied from the womb of literary criticism. The selective approach was used in the stages of historical research. The importance of research is manifested in its causes and consequences. Deficiency and weakness of literary delight was noticed in the courses at various levels of secondary education, undergraduate and graduate education. We have noticed a weakness in the rhetorical influence, regardless of the critical reaction of most of our students in the midst of some voices calling out for neglecting rhetoric focusing only on the overall image of art, or claiming that rhetoric is not of Arabic roots, but had been taken from other civilizations, or demanding the modernization of rhetoric through updated terminology of the West. So this research is to demonstrate the efforts of our scholars for ages to clarify the development of rhetoric: Its origin. How it was dealt with. And its criticism. The importance of research is to achieve the following objectives: A - The emergence of the history of rhetoric and its development through ages. B - Employing the Arabic principles of grammar, morphology and language in developing literary sense. C - Witnessing the efforts of scholars in the science of rhetoric and the extent of their skills in deducing the differences between words and structures throughout systems. D - Developing the reader's rhetorical and critical sense by contemplating examples of rhetorical texts. The study will deal with the stages of rhetoric development in the pre-Islamic era, in the early days of Islam and in the Umayyad period, when poets showed a very good performance as a result of their improvisation due to their familiarity with their language and ears, and their judgments were mostly just literary delight without being dependent on a malady and fixed rhetoric foundations. They did not need any analysis and critical judgment due to the solidity of the improvisations, which is their only fault. The most prominent ruler of the period of Jahiliyya is "Al-Nabigha Al-Thubiani." In the early days of Islam, al-Marbad in Basra and al-Kanasah in Kufa were similar to "Okaz Souk" in the pre-Islamic era, and one of its prominent pioneers were Jarir, Al-Farazdaq, Tha El-Rimma, and Laila al-Ahyaliya where literature books were filled with models that show the standards of literary beauty among Arabs for choosing precise words, meanings. And this way, some of them became famous as orator or poet, and some of them were distinguished by what was known to them in terms of choosing the suitable words, good organization and precise meaning like the poets:Zuhair ibn Abi Sulma, al-Hutayah and others. Of course, while these explanatory and critical notes determine the principles of rhetoric, it has never come out of the minds of the literary. And of course, rightly, these notes are considered to be the first origins of the rules they set. Then the research dealt with the rhetorical development in the time of codification and the impact of literary criticism in the maturity and prosperity of rhetorical development. It is not surprising if it is said: The rhetorical study has grown and nurtured in the shadows of the Holy Qur’an, and its first seed in meaning books of the Qur’an. For, scholars determined to explain the figurative expressions and meanings of the book, to declare strange words and complicated words in order to fulfill the duties they felt towards the book of the Lord, and from this they added an aesthetic appearance to their writings with their linguistic and Islamic faculties.
Alan : İlahiyat
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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