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Covid-19, Çin’in Vuhan kentinde Aralık 2019’da ortaya çıktığı düşünülen ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından tüm dünyada “Uluslararası Kamu Sağlığı Acil Durumu” ilan edilen bir pandemidir. Covid-19’un yapısı itibari ile hızlı yayılması ve belirti göstermeden bulaşması yetkilileri sert önlemler almaya zorlamıştır. Bu salgının sağlık sorunlarının yanı sıra ekonomik etkilerinin olacağı açıktır. Salgının etkisinin ne kadar süreceği ise bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada Covid-19’un Türkiye havacılık sektörüne olası etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla havalimanlarının Covid-19 öncesi ve Covid-19 başlangıç sürecindeki performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya Türkiye’de Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi (DHMİ) tarafından işletilen en fazla yolcu taşıyan 20 havalimanı dahil edilmiştir. Havalimanlarının performansları, Covid-19 öncesi için 2019 yılı ilk çeyrek verileri kullanılarak, Covid-19 süreci ise 2020 yılı ilk çeyrek verileri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Havalimanlarının karşılaştırmalı etkinlik analizi çıktı odaklı Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) yöntemi, Covid-19 öncesi ve Covid-19 süreci dönemlerinin karşılaştırmasında Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimliliği (MTFV) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre 20 havalimanından ölçeğe göre sabit getiri (CCR) etkinliği Covid-19 öncesi dönemde 4 havalimanında (Esenboğa, Antalya, Adana ve Kayseri) sağlanırken Covid-19 sürecinde 3 havalimanında (Antalya, Adnan Menderes ve Adana) sağlanmaktadır. Ölçeğe göre değişken getiri (BCC) etkinliğinin Covid-19 öncesi dönemde 9 havalimanında (Esenboğa, Antalya, Adana, Kayseri, Van, Ordu-Giresun, Şanlıurfa-Gap, Malatya ve Kars) sağlanırken Covid-19 sürecinde 10 havalimanında (Esenboğa, Antalya, İzmir, Adana, Kayseri, Samsun, Ordu-Giresun, Şanlıurfa-Gap, Malatya ve Kars) sağlandığı görülmektedir. Ölçek etkinliği incelendiğinde ise Covid-19 öncesi döneme göre Covid-19 sürecinde havalimanlarının ölçek etkinliklerinin 5 havalimanından (Esenboğa, Antalya, Adana, Trabzon ve Kayseri) 3 havalimanına düştüğü (Antalya, İzmir ve Adana) görülmektedir. Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimlilik endeksleri yönteminden elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, analize dahil edilen 20 havalimanının Covid-19 öncesine göre Covid-19 sürecinde teknik etkinlik değişimi (TED), teknolojik değişimi (TD), ölçek etkinlik değişimi (ÖED) ve toplam faktör verimlilik değişimi (TFVD) değerleri ortalamalarının 1’den küçük olduğu saf etkinlik değişimi (SED) ortalamasının ise 1’den büyük olduğu görülmektedir. Literatürdeki çalışmaların çoğunda (Ar, 2012; Avcı & Aktaş, 2015; Karaoğlu, 2014; Yasar & Asker, 2018) yıllara göre havalimanlarının verimliliklerinin arttığı görülmekte, bir çalışmada (Çınaroğlu & Avcı, 2017) ülkede olağanüstü şartların yaşandığı 2016 yılında havalimanlarının çoğunda verimliliğin düştüğü görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda araştırma bulguları Çınaroğlu ve Avcı’nın (2017) bulguları ile uyumludur. Bununla birlikte elde edilen bulgular, Covid-19’un başlangıç sürecinde dahi havacılık sektörü üzerine olumsuz yönde etkilerinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bulgu Akca’nın (2020) ve Pearce’in (2020) ön görüleri ile uyumludur.
Covid-19 is a pandemic that is thought to occur in December 2019 in China's city of Vuhan and has been declared "International Public Health Emergency" worldwide by the World Health Organization. The structure of Covid-19 has forced the authorities to take severe measures, with its rapid spread and non-signal infection. It is obvious that this epidemic will have health problems as well as economic effects. It is unknown how long the effect of the infection will last. In this study, the performance of the airports in the Covid-19 and Covid-19 start-up process was compared in order to determine the potential impacts of Covid-19 on the Turkish aviation sector. The study included 20 airports carrying the most passengers operated by the State Airport Administration (DHMİ) in Turkey. The performance of the airports was analyzed using the first quarter of 2019 data for Covid-19, while the Covid-19 process was analyzed using the first quarter of 2020. The comparative performance analysis of the airports came out and the data-oriented coverage analysis (VZA) method was used by the Malmquist Total Factor Efficiency (MTFV) method in comparison of Covid-19 and Covid-19 process periods. According to the research results, the fixed return (CCR) activity is provided in 4 airports (Esenboğa, Antalya, Adana and Kayseri) in the pre-Covid-19 period, while in 3 airports (Antalya, Adnan Menderes and Adana) in the Covid-19 process. The variable return (BCC) activity is provided in 9 airports in the period before Covid-19 (Esenboğa, Antalya, Adana, Kayseri, Van, Ardu-Giresun, Şanlıurfa-Gap, Malatya and Kars) while Covid-19 process is provided in 10 airports (Esenboğa, Antalya, İzmir, Adana, Kayseri, Samsun, Ardu-Giresun, Şanlıurfa-Gap, Malatya and Kars). When the scale activity is examined, according to the pre-Covid-19 period, it is seen that the scale activity of the airports in the Covid-19 process has fallen from 5 airports (Esenboğa, Antalya, Adana, Trabzon and Kayseri) to 3 airports (Antalya, İzmir and Adana). According to the analysis results obtained from the Malmquist Total Factor Efficiency Indices method, the average of the 20 airports included in the analysis compared to the Covid-19 before the Covid-19 process with technical performance change (TED), technological change (TD), scale performance change (ED) and total factor efficiency change (TFVD) values, while the average of the net performance change (SED) is greater than 1. In most of the studies in literature (Ar, 2012; Avcı & Aktaş, 2015; Karaoğlu, 2014; Yasar & Asker, 2018) the efficiency of its airports increased over the years, in a study (Cınaroğlu & Avcı, 2017) it is seen that in 2016 when the country had extraordinary conditions, the efficiency in most of its airports decreased. In this scope, the findings of research are in line with the findings of Chinaroglu and Hunter (2017). However, the findings have shown that Covid-19 has a negative impact on the aviation industry even during the initial process. This conclusion is in line with the forecasts of Akca (2020) and Pearce (2020).
Covid-19 is a pandemic that is thought to have emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has been declared as “International Public Health Emergency” by the World Health Organization worldwide. The rapid spread and asymptomatic contagion of Covid-19 forced the authorities to take drastic precautions. It is clear that this epidemic will have economic effects as well as health problems. It is not known how long the outbreak will last. The aim of this study was to determine the possible effects of the epidemic on Turkey's aviation industry. The performances of the airports “before Covid-19” and “early Covid-19” periods were compared. The study included 20 airports with the highest number of passengers operated by Air Navigation Servıce Provider and State Airports Authority of Turkey (DHMI). The first quarter data of 2019 for “before Covid-19” period and the first quarter of 2020 for “early Covid-19” period was used to compare the performances of the airports. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was used for comparative efficiency analysis of airports. Malmquist Total Factor Efficiency method was used to compare “before Covid-19” and “early Covid-19” periods. According to the results of the research, constant return to scale (CCR-CRS) from 20 airports is provided in 4 airports in the “before Covid-19” period, while 3 airports are provided in the “during Covid-19” period. The variable to return scale (BCC-VRS) was provided at 9 airports “before Covid-19” period, while at 10 airports are provided “during Covid-19” period. When the scale efficiency (CCR / BCC) is analyzed, it is seen that it decreased from 5 airports in “before Covid-19” period to 3 airports in “during Covid- 19” period. According to the analysis results obtained from Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index method, the “technical efficiency change” (TEC), “technological efficency change” (TC), “scale efficiency change” (SEC) and “total factor efficiency change” (TFPI) average values of the airports is less than 1, only the “pure efficacy change” (PEC) average is greater than 1. In most of the studies in the literature (Ar, 2012; Avcı & Aktaş, 2015; Karaoğlu, 2014; Yasar & Asker, 2018), the efficiency of airports has increased over the years, and in only one study (Çınaroğlu & Avcı, 2017) the efficiency of most airports has decreased, in 2016 when extraordinary conditions were experienced in the country. In this context, the findings of this study are in line with those of Çınaroğlu and Avcı (2017). However, the findings show that Covid-19 has a negative impact on the aviation industry even in the initial process. This finding is consistent with the forecasts of Akca (2020) and Pearce (2020).
Field : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Hukuk; İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler; Spor Bilimleri
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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