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27 Mayıs 1960’da ordunun yönetime el komasıyla tüm siyasi partilerin faaliyetleri durdurulmuş ve Milli Birlik Komitesi (MBK) Türkiye’nin idaresini üstlenmiştir. Ancak hem MBK içerisinde yer alanlar arasında fikir birliğinin olmaması hem de MBK dışında kalanların farklı gruplar oluşturması ordu içerisinde bir iktidar mücadelesinin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. İlk mücadele MBK içinde başlamış, MBK başkanı Cemal Gürsel’in başı çektiği “ılımlılar” olarak adlandırılan ve seçimlerin bir an önce yapılıp idarenin sivillere devredilmesini isteyen grupla “14ler” olarak adlandırılan ve yapısal reformlar gerçekleştirilmeden idarenin sivillere devredilmesini istemeyen grup arasında yaşanmıştır. Bu mücadele “14ler”in tasfiye edilmesiyle sonuçlanmış ancak bu iktidar mücadelesini kazanan ılımlılar güçlerini yitirmişlerdir. İktidar mücadelesi süresince, MBK dışında kalanlar ve MBK’nin uygulamalarından hoşnut olmayanlar da örgütlenmeye devam etmiştir. Hem MBK’nin faaliyetlerinden memnun olmayan hem de emir komuta zinciri içerisinde bir grup kurmayı düşünen bazı subayların girişimiyle, içlerinde Ankara ve İstanbul sıkıyönetim komutanlarının ve Genelkurmay başkanı Cevdet Sunay’ında yer aldığı, Silahlı kuvvetler Birliği (SKB) adıyla bir grup kurulmuştur. MBK içindeki mücadelenin ardından MBK-SKB arasında bir iktidar mücadelesi başlamış ve bu mücadele sırasında siyasetçiler kendilerine verilen izin oranında siyaset yapabilmişlerdir. Bu durum, sağlıklı bir iktidar ve muhalefet ilişkisinin sürmesini sağlamamıştır. Ordu baskısı altında seçimlere gidilen süreçte siyasiler çeşitli uzlaşma yollarını deneyerek, meclisin açılmasına ve siyasi faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmeye çalışmışlar. Bu makalede, 27 Mayıs müdahalesinden 1961 genel seçimlerine kadar geçen süreçte ordu içindeki mücadele ve Türk siyasetinin bu mücadeleden nasıl etkilendiğini ve nasıl tepki verdiğini tartışılmıştır.
On May 27, 1960, with the military's hand coma, the activities of all political parties were stopped and the National Union Committee (MBK) took over the administration of Turkey. But the absence of an unification between those within the MBK and the creation of different groups among those outside the MBK has led to a power struggle within the army. The first struggle began in the MBK, the MBK chairman Cemal Gürsel called the "moderate" and the group called the "14s" with the group who wanted the elections to be made immediately and the administration to be transferred to civilians and the group who did not want the administration to be transferred to civilians without the implementation of structural reforms. This struggle ended with the cleansing of the "14s", but the moderate who won this struggle of power lost their forces. During the struggle for power, those who remained outside the MBK and those who were not satisfied with the practices of the MBK continued to be organized. With the initiative of some officers who are not satisfied with both MBK’s activities and considering to establish a group within the command chain, a group named the Armed Forces Union (SKB) was established, including the Ankara and Istanbul Strength Management Command and the General Assembly Cevdet Sunay. After the struggle within the MBK, a power struggle began between the MBK and the SKB, and during this struggle politicians were able to make politics at the rate of permission given to them. This situation did not allow a healthy power and opposition relationship to continue. In the process of going to elections under military pressure, politicians tried various ways of reconciliation, attempted the opening of the parliament and conducting political activities. This article discusses how the struggle within the army and the Turkish policy was influenced and how it reacted from the struggle in the process from the intervention of May 27 to the general elections in 1961.
The activities of all political parties with the military's seizure of management on 27 May 1960 was stopped and the National Unity Committee (NUC) took over the administration in Turkey. However, both the lack of consensus among those in the NUC and the formation of different groups outside the NUC caused a power struggle within the army. The first struggle started in NUC. It was experienced between the group called the "moderates" who wanted the elections to be held as soon as possible and transferred to the civilians -led by NUC chief Cemal Gürsel- and the group called the "14s" who did not want the administration to be transferred to the civilians without structural reforms. This struggle resulted in the liquidation of the "14s", but the moderates who won this power struggle lost their power. During the power struggle, those who remained outside the NUC and those who were dissatisfied with the practices of the NUC continued to organize. With the initiative of some officers who are not satisfied with the activities of the NUC and who are planning to establish a group within the chain of command, a group called the Armed Forces Union (AFU), among them Ankara and Istanbul martial law commanders and Chief of General Staff Cevdet Sunay. After the struggle within the NUC, a power struggle started between NUC and AFU, and during this struggle, politicians were able to make politics at the rate of given permission. This has not led to a healthy relationship between Government and opposition. During the elections under the pressure of the army, politicians tried various ways of reconciliation and tried to open the parliament and carry out political activities. In this article, the struggle within the army and how Turkish politics was affected and how it reacted during the period from the May 27 intervention to the 1961 general elections were discussed.
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