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Ebu’l-kâsım Eş-şâbbi’nin Şiirlerinde Halk
2020
Dergi:  
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazar:  
Özet:

Kuzey Afrika edebiyatına bakıldığında Fransa XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dâhilinde olan Tunus ve Cezayir gibi ülkeleri işgal etmiştir. Söz konusu işgal süresince Fransa, Tunus’ta 85 sene, Cezayir’de ise 132 sene gibi çok uzun bir süre kalabilmiştir. 1912 yılında ise bir İspanyol sömürgesi olan Fas, manda adı altında Fransa tarafından işgal edildi. İlgili işgallerin en önemli amacı halkı sömürmek olduğu gibi aynı zamanda da halkı hem cahilleştirmek hem de dini olan İslam’dan uzaklaştırmaktı. Bu çerçevede halkı anadili olan Arapçadan uzaklaştırmak ve bunun yerine de Fransızcayı dayatmak da yapılan planlar arasındaydı. Nitekim 1938 yılında Cezayir’de Fransızca anadil olmuştu. Bütün bunlar yapılırken halkın elinden eğitim hürriyeti alınıp bilmeyen ve öğrenmeyen bir toplum gözetmek bunun yanı sıra da sadece kendilerine hizmet eden bir toplum gütme amacı bulunmaktaydı. Aynı zamanda Fransa, kendi ülkesinin vatandaşlarını bu ülkelere getirerek bu ülkelerin asıl sahibi olan insanları ikinci sınıf vatandaşlığa itmiş, mallarına el koymuş ve okullarını bile ayırmıştır. Ancak Cezayir’de 1932 yılında ‘Abdulhamid b. Bâdîs, Beşîr el-İbrâhîmî ve el-‘Arabî et-Tebsî gibi isimlerin özellikle Cezayir’de tesis etmiş oldukları Cezayirli Müslümanlar Âlimler Cemiyeti, Tunus’ta yer alan Zeytûne Cami ve Fas’ta bulunan Karaviyyîn Cami gibi merkezler sayesinde bu ülkelerde Arap dili ayakta kalabilmiş ve halk sömürgecilere karşı bilinçlenebilmişti. İşte bu sayede sömürgecilerin Cezayir’de işleri zorlaşmış ve hedeflerine ulaşamamışlardır. II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında 1956 yılında Tunus ve Fas, 1962 yılında ise Cezayir, Fransa’dan bağımsızlığını alabilmiştir. Ancak Cezayir’deki sömürgenin uygulamaları ve yaptırımları diğer iki mağrip ülkesinden daha katı, daha şiddetli olmuş ve daha uzun süre devam etmişti. Bütün bu yaşananlar tabii ki edebiyata da yansımış ve hem nesir hem de şiir türlerinde sömürge karşıtı söylemlerin, bağımsızlık ve özgürlük çağrılarının yer aldığı mesajlar görülmeye başlanmıştı. XIX. yüzyılda Tunus’un en önemli şairlerinin başında gelen Muhammed Kâbâdû (1812-1871), daha Tunus işgal edilmeden tedbirler alınması hususunda halkın dikkatini çekmiştir. Kâbâdû’dan sonra sömürgecilik dönemi Tunus şiirine Muhammed eş-Şazli Haznedar (1881-1954) gelerek onun yerini alır. Daha sonra ise İrâdetu’l-Hayât adlı şiiriyle tanınan Ebu’l-Kâsım eş-Şâbbî gelir. eş-Şâbbî tıpki diğer şairler gibi Tunus halkını şiirleriyle Fransız zulümü karşısında uyandırmak, bilinçlendirmek istemiş ve halkı Fransızlara karşı direnişe davet etmiştir. Çok iyi bir dini eğitim alan bir babanın çocuğu olan eş-Şâbbî, Tunus’un güneybatısındaki eş-Şâbbiyye beldesinde 1909 yılında dünyaya gelir. eş-Şâbbî babasından İslami ilimlerin temellerini aldıktan sonra 1927 yılında diplomasını elde ederek Zeytûne Camisi’nden mezun olur. Üstelik şair, 1928 yılında Tunus Hukuk Fakültesi’ne girer ve 1930 yılında hukuk diplomasını elde ederek mezun olur. eş-Şâbbî, ilk şiirini henüz 15 yaşında iken nazmeder. eş-Şâbbî’nin hayatının son aşaması acılarla geçer. 1927 yılında sevdiği kızın vefatının ardından yaşadığı üzüntünün izleri şiirlerinde açık bir şekilde görülür. Şair, küçüklüğünden beri kalp rahatsızlığından mustaripti. Evlenirse acılarının biraz hafifleyeceğini düşünen babasının ısrarı sonucunda onu kırmamak için amcasının kızı ile evlenir. Ancak çok da mutlu olamaz. Bir süre sonra çok sevdiği babasını kaybeder. Bu ölüm onu daha derinden etkiler. Çektiği acılar eş-Şâbbî’yi genç yaşta olgunlaştırır. 1934 yılında o zamana kadar yazdığı şiirlerini Mısır’da yayımlamak için Eğâni’l-Hayât adını verdiği bir divanda bir araya getirir fakat hastalığı ağırlaşır ve başkentteki İtalyan Hastanesi’ne kaldırılır. eş-Şâbbî, 9 Ekim 1934 tarihinde “tatmak istediği” ölümle buluşur. Şair, kitap okumayı seven ve Arap edebiyatını yakından takip eden bir kişiliğe sahipti. Mısır’ın el-Muktetaf, el-Hilâl ve es-Siyâse gibi dergilerini takip eder, muhtelif fikir ve görüşler edinip şiir ve edebiyat dünyasını tanımaya çalışırdı. eş-Şâbbî eski ve modern Arap şairlerin şiirlerini okuyup özellikle de İbnu’r-Rûmî, el-Mutenebbî ve el-Ma‘arrî’nin şiirlerini sevmiş ve modern edebiyatta ise el-Mehcer, ed-Dîvân ve Apollo ekollerinin etkisinde oldukça kalmış ve romantizm akımının ilk şairlerinden olmuştur. Hüzün, karamsarlık ve tabiata sığınma gibi unsurlar eş-Şâbbî’nin şiirlerinin önemli öğeleri arasındadır. Ayrıca şair, Cibrân Halîl Cibrân, Tâhâ Huseyn, ‘Abbas Mahmûd el-‘Akkâd ve Ahmed Hasen ez-Zeyyât gibi isimlerden etkilenmiştir. eş-Şâbbî bir insanlık şairi olarak nitelendirilir. Şairliği aslında hayatının bütün anlarını, duygularını, görüşlerini ve düşüncelerini yansıtır. eş-Şâbbî hem hayatta hem de şiirlerinde dertlerinin ve 12 Mayıs 1881 tarihinden itibaren Fransız işgali altında olan Tunus’un sıkıntılarını yaşar ve şiirlerinin büyük bir kısmını halkının özgürlüğü ve onurlu bir hayat yaşaması için adar.

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The People Of The Ebu’l-kâsim
2020
Yazar:  
Özet:

In the North African literature, France XIX. In the century it occupied countries such as Tunisia and Algeria, which were within the Ottoman Empire. The occupation period was 85 years in Tunisia and 132 years in Algeria. In 1912, Morocco, a Spanish colony, was occupied by France under the name of Manda. The most important purpose of these occupations was to exploit the people, as well as to ignore the people and remove them from Islam, which is a religion. In this context, it was among the plans to remove the people from the native Arabic and instead to impose the French. In 1938, the French became the native language in Algeria. All of this was done when the people took education freedom from the hands of a society that did not know and did not learn, and the purpose was to keep a society that served them only. At the same time, France brought its citizens to these countries, pushing the people who were the main owners of these countries to second-class citizenship, withdrawing their property and even separating their schools. But in Algeria in 1932 the names such as 'Abdulhamid b. Bâdîs, Beşîr al-Ibrahimî and al-'Arabî et-Tebsî were established in Algeria by the Algeria Muslims Alimans Society, the center such as Zeytûne Cami located in Tunisia and the Karawiîn Cami located in Morocco, the Arabic language was able to stand up in these countries and the people were able to become aware of the colonists. Thus, the colonians made the work in Algeria difficult and did not reach their goals. and II. After the World War, Tunisia and Morocco gained independence in 1956 and Algeria in 1962. But colonial practices and sanctions in Algeria were harder, more violent and lasted longer than the other two submissive countries. All of these events, of course, reflected in literature, and the messages of anti-colonial speeches, calls for independence and freedom began to be seen in both generations and poems. The XIX. Muhammad Kabadou (1812-1871), who was the leader of Tunisia’s most important poets in the century, attracted the attention of the people about taking measures before the occupation of Tunisia. The colonial period after Kabadou came to the Tunisian poem by Muhammad al-Shazli Haznedar (1881-1954) and replaced him. And then, the name of the Qur’an is the name of the Qur’an, and the name of the Qur’an is the name of the Qur’an. He wanted to awaken, awaken the people of Tunisia against French persecution with his poems, like other poems, and invited the people to resist the French. She is the son of a father who has a very good religious education and is born in 1909 in the county of Shebiya in southwestern Tunisia. After he got the foundations of Islamic sciences from his father, he graduated from the Zeytûne Mosque in 1927 by obtaining his diploma. In addition, the poet entered the Tunisian Faculty of Law in 1928 and graduated in 1930 by obtaining a law diploma. She wrote her first poem when she was fifteen. The last phase of his life passes with suffering. The traces of the sadness she lived after the death of her beloved daughter in 1927 are clearly seen in her poems. The poet has had a heart disease since his childhood. If he marries, he marries his uncle's daughter to not break it as a result of his father's insistance that he thinks his pain will relieve a little. But he can’t be very happy. After a long time, he loses his father. This death affects him more deeply. The pain that he suffers makes his wife mature in a young age. In 1934 he gathers his poems to Egypt to publish, but he gets worse and he is transferred to the Italian Hospital in the capital. She met her death on October 9, 1934. A poet had a personality that loved reading books and closely followed Arabic literature. He followed Egyptian magazines such as al-Muktetaf, al-Hilâl and al-Siyâse, acquiring various ideas and opinions and trying to recognize the world of poetry and literature. She read the poems of ancient and modern Arab poems and especially loved the poems of Ibn al-Rûmî, al-Mutenebbî and al-Ma'arrî, and in modern literature she was quite influenced by the echoes of al-Mehcer, ed-Dîvân and Apollo and was one of the first poems of the Romantic flow. Those who are in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness, in the darkness. The poet also was influenced by names such as Cibrân Halîl Cibrân, Tâhâ Huseyn, 'Abbas Mahmoud al-Akkâd and Ahmed Hasen ez-Zeyyât. He is a poet of humanity. Poetry actually reflects all the moments, feelings, opinions and thoughts of his life. He experiences both his life and his poems and the troubles of Tunisia, which has been under French occupation since May 12, 1881, and dedicates much of his poems to the freedom of the people and to a decent life.

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Public In The Poetry Of Abu Al-qāsim Al-shābbi
2020
Yazar:  
Özet:

Looking at the literature of North Africa, France 19th century occupied countries such as Tunisia and Algeria, which were within the borders of the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation, France remained in Tunisia for 85 years and in Algeria for 132 years. In 1912, Morocco, a Spanish colony, was occupied by France as a mandate. The most important purpose of the related occupations was to exploit the public as well as to make people ignorant and to distance them from religion of Islam. Within this framework, it was among the plans to move the people away from their native Arabic, and to impose French instead, that in 1938, French became the first language in Algeria. While all this was done, there was a goal of pursuing a society that did not know and learn about the freedom of education, as well as a society that only served them. At the same time, France brought the citizens of its own country to these countries, pushing the people who are the real owners of these countries into second-class citizenship, seized their property and even separated their schools. However, in 1932, thanks to ‘Abd al-Hamid b Badis, Basher al-Ibrāhīmī, Tayyeb al-‘Uqbi and al-‘Arabī al-Tabsī, especially the Algerian Muslim Scholars Association in Algeria, Zaitūna Mosque in Tunisia and the al-Karawiyyīn Mosque in Morocco, the Arab language is standing in these countries and the people could become conscious of the colonists. In this way, the work of the colonists in Algeria has been difficult and they have not achieved their goals. After 2nd World War, Tunisia and Morocco were able to achieve their independence from France in 1956. However, the practices and sanctions of the colony in Algeria were stricter, more severe and continued for a longer period than the other two Maghreb countries. All these events were of course reflected in literature, and messages began to appear in both prose and poetry, including anti-colonial discourses, calls for independence and freedom. Mohamad Kābādū (1812-1871), one of the most important poets of Tunisia in the 19th century and he attracted the attention of the public about taking measures before Tunisia was occupied. After Kābādū, Mohamad al-Şazli Haznadar (1881-1954) came to his place in the colonial period Tunisian poetry and replaced him. Then comes Abu al-Qāsim al-Shābbi, known for his poem titled Irāda al-Hayāt. Al-Shābbi, just like other poets, wanted to awaken and raise awareness of the Tunisian people in the face of French persecution with his poems and invited the people to resist against the French. As a child of a man who received a very good religious education, al-Shābbi, was born in 1909 in the town of Shābbiya in Southwestern Tunisia. After receiving the foundations of Islamic sciences from his father, he obtained his diploma in 1927 and graduated from the Zaitūna Mosque. Moreover, the poet entered the Tunisian Law Faculty in 1928 and graduated by obtaining his law degree in 1930. Al-Shābbi wrote his first poem when he was 15 years of age. The last stage of al-Shābbi's life passes with pain. The traces of the sadness he experienced after the death of the girl he loved in 1927 are clearly seen in his poems. The poet has suffered from heart disease since his childhood. As a result of his father’s insistence, who thinks that if al-Shābbi gets married, his pain will ease a little, he married his uncle’s daughter in order not to offend his father. However, he could not be very happy. After a while, his father died. This death affected him more deeply. His suffering matured al-Shābbi, at a young age. In 1934, he brought together his poems named Aghāni al-Hayāt to publish in Egypt; but his illness worsened and he was taken to the Italian hospital in the capital. Shābbi died on 9th of October in 1934. The poet had a personality who loved reading books and followed Arab literature closely. He would follow the magazines of Egypt such as al-Muqtataf, al-Hilāl and al-Siyāsa, and he would try to get to know the world of poetry and literature by getting various ideas and opinions. Al-Shābbi read the poems of old and modern Arab poets and especially liked the poems of Ibn al-Rūmī, al-Mutanabbī and al-Ma'arrī and remained under the influence of al-Mahjar, al-Dīvān and Apollo schools in modern literature. He was one of the first poets of his movement. The elements such as sadness, pessimism and asylum are among the important elements of al-Shābbi's poems. In addition, the poet, Khalil Gībran was influenced by names such as Taha Husayn, ‘Abbas Mahmod al-‘Akkād and Ahmad Hassan al-Zayyāt. Al-Shabbi is described as a poet of humanity. His poetry actually reflects all the moments, feelings, opinions and thoughts of his life. Al-Shābbi suffers his troubles both in life and in his poems and the troubles of Tunisia, which has been under French occupation since 12th of May 1881, and dedicates the majority of his poems to the liberty and dignity of his people.

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