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 İndirme 36
Degerler Egitimi Acisindan Tek Parti Donemi Âdâb-i Muâseret Kitaplari
2020
Dergi:  
Eskiyeni
Yazar:  
Özet:

Osmanlı’nın son döneminde başlayan modernleşme anlayışı Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşu sonrasında takip edilmesi zorunlu yol olarak görülmüştür. 1923 yılında kurulan CHP, 1925-1945 arası yıllarda tek başına ülke yönetimini elinde bulunduran partidir. Bir partinin ülke yönetiminde söz sahibi olması sebebiyle mezkûr yıllar arası “Tek Parti Dönemi” olarak zikredilmektedir. 1925-1945 yılları arasında modernleşme siyasî, sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomi gibi pek çok alanın içeriğinin tamamıyla Avrupalılaşmak olarak görülmüş, bu durum tek parti döneminde neşredilen yayınlara yansımıştır. Bu modernleşme anlayışının en bariz görüldüğü yayın türlerinden biri “Âdâb-ı Muâşeret”e yönelik eserlerdir. Bu eserlere nicelik açısından bakıldığında tek parti döneminde neşredilen âdâb-ı muâşeret kitaplarının son dönem Osmanlı’ya nispeten daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Son dönem Osmanlı’da on sekiz eser neşredilmişken, tek partili yıllarda yirmi altı kitap yayınlanmıştır. Bu araştırma kapsamında başlığında “âdâb-ı muâşeret” ifadesine yer verilen yirmi altı kitap incelenmiştir. Dönemin siyasî idaresinin yapmak istediği sosyo-kültürel değişiklikleri yazarların tamamen desteklediği anlaşılmıştır. Bu kitapların din ve ahlak eğitiminin sorunlu olduğu bir dönemde neşredildiği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda toplumun değer algısının yönlendirilmesinde belirgin misyon ve vizyon görevi üstlendiği anlaşılmaktadır. 1930 öncesi ve sonrası yayınlarda din dilinin kullanımında farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. 1930 öncesi yayınlarda tek parti yönetiminin getirdiği yenilikleri meşrulaştırmanın bir aracı olarak görülen din dili, sonraki yıllarda bu anlayışa gerek duyulmayan, seküler ifadelerin bilinçli bir şekilde kullanıldığı, dinî unsur, ifade ve yaşayış şekillerinin küçümsendiği görülmektedir. Bu makalede öncelikle kavramsal çerçeve açıklanmış sonrasında ise, âdâb-ı muâşerete yönelik yayınlar kişisel, ailevî, toplumsal ve kurumsal görgü kuralları başlıkları altında değişen değer algısı açısından incelenmiştir. Her ne kadar âdâb-ı muâşeret modenleşme ve Avrupa etkisiyle gerçekleşmiş olsa da aslında Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminden itibaren bu hususa önem verildiği, okullarda ders olarak okutulduğu görülmektedir. Son dönem Osmanlı eğitim-öğretim müfredatında da benzer dersler yer almıştır. Tek parti döneminde neşredilen âdâb-ı muâşerete yönelik yayınlara yazarları açısından bakıldığında bazılarının birden fazla eser telif ettiği görülmektedir. Yayınlarda kişisel bakımın modernleşme demek olduğuna vurgu yapılarak hem erkeklerin hem de kadınların gerekli hassasiyeti göstermesi gerektiğine değinilmiştir. Aksi takdirde değer görmeyeceği ifade edilmiştir. Bu durum sadece erkekler için geçerli olmayıp, kadınları da kapsamaktadır. Kadın ve erkeğin uyması gereken bir diğer kurallar bütünü toplumsal hayata dair davranış şekilleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu davranış şekillerine uymanın zorunlu olmasının sebebi devletin bekasını sağlama düşüncesinden ileri gelmektedir. Aksi takdirde devletin bekası sarsılacağı anlayışı hâkimdir. Çünkü yeni kurulan devletin kendisine hedef seçtiği yegâne yol modernleşme ve çağdaşlaşmadır. Devletin bekası ise, Avrupa âdâb-ı muâşeretinin günlük hayatta tatbiki ile mümkün olacağı bu eserlerde zikredilmiştir. Eserlere bakıldığında, aile anlayışının oldukça değiştiği görülmektedir. Aile bireylerinin birbirine hitap şeklinin değiştiği, bazı kavramların kullanımının uygun olmadığı ifade edilmiştir. Artık evlere ayakkabı ile girmekte mahzur bulunmayıp, yılbaşı gibi çeşitli eğlence türlerinin aile hayatına girdiği görülmektedir. Aile ile ilgili olarak özellikle zikredilen bir husus ise, kadın-erkek eşitliği anlayışıdır. Eski devirler/yönetimler kadın-erkek eşitliğini sağlamadığı ifade edilmiştir. Kurumsal âdâb-ı muâşerete yönelik öncelikle ifade edilen husus yöneticilere gösterilecek saygıdır. Kurumsal muâşerete önem gösteren bir vatandaşın ikinci görevi ise, çok çalışmak ve vergi vermektir. Devletin geleceğinin buna bağlı olduğu sıklıkla zikredilmiştir. Yayınların bir kısmında Fransız, bir kısmında ise, İngiliz, Alman ve İtalyan âdâb-ı muaşeretinin rehber alındığı görülmektedir. Osmanlı’nın son döneminde ve tek partili yılların başında Fransız etkisi hâkimken, 1930 sonrasında İngiliz yaşam kuralları giderek ağırlık kazandığı yayınlardan anlaşılmaktadır. Yayınlarda muâşeret kurallarına uyması gereken en önemli toplumsal kesim olarak kadınlar ve genç kızlar zikredilmiştir. Bu sebeple âdâb-ı muâşeret kitaplarında önemle ele alınan değerler kadınlar üzerinden dile getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çarşaf, peçe vb. giysi türleri çağdışı olarak ifade edilerek kadının giyim-kuşam, yeme-içme gibi hususları hakkındaki muâşeret şekillerine değinilmiştir. Bu dönem neşredilmiş âdâb-ı muâşeret kitaplarına göre kadının alkol kullanımı, erkeklerle dans etmesi oldukça doğal bir haldir. Hatta kadının bunlar hakkında çok iyi malumata sahip olması gerekir. Bu durum, değer algısının değiştiğini ve/veyahut değiştirilmek istendiğini göstermektedir. Tek parti döneminden sonra da pek çok âdâb-ı muâşeret kitabı neşredilmiştir. Bu kitaplara genel olarak bakıldığında, dönemin siyasî anlayışıyla paralellik arz ettiği görülmektedir. Osmanlı’nın son döneminde neşredilenler çeşitli açılardan modernleşmenin bir göstergesiyken, tek parti döneminde her açıdan Avrupalılaşmanın, değer algısı ve yönlendirmelerde bulunmanın bir yoludur. Hatta “Âdâb-ı Muâşeret” kavramı 1945 öncesinde modernleşmenin bir ifade şekliyken, bu durum sonraki yıllarda önemini yitirmeye başlamış, özellikle 2000 sonrasında muhafazakâr bir ifade halini almıştır. Sonuç olarak şunu ifade etmemiz mümkündür: Tek parti döneminde neşredilen âdâb-ı muâşeret kitaplarında zikredilen kişisel, ailevi, toplumsal ve kurumsal pek çok husus dönemin değişen değer algısının bir göstergesi olması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Her dönemde siyasî iradenin gerçekleştirmek istediği yenilikleri meşru gösteren yayın çeşitleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Tek parti döneminde de âdâb-ı muâşeret” yayınları kurucu iradenin gerçekleştirmek istediği yenilikleri dile getiren bir yayın türü olarak görmek mümkündür. 1925-1945 yılları arasında kurucu iradenin gerçekleştirdiği sosyo-kültürel pek çok yenilik dinî anlayış ve uygulamalarla doğrudan veyahut dolaylı olarak ilişkili olması sebebiyle bu dönemde neşredilen âdâb-ı muâşerete yönelik eserler topluma yeni değer algısı sunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

The Book Of God Is The Book Of God, The Book Of God Is The Book Of God.
2020
Dergi:  
Eskiyeni
Yazar:  
Özet:

The modernization concept that began in the last period of the Ottoman Empire was seen as a compulsory way to follow after the foundation of the Republic. Founded in 1923, CHP is the party that ruled the country alone between 1925-1945. Since one party was in the administration it is named as the "One-Party Period" between those years. Between the years 1925 and 1945 content of the modernization was seen in many fields such as political, socio-cultural, economics as being completely Europeanized, which was also reflected in the publications launched in the one-party period. One of the types of publications in which this understanding of modernization is seen as the most obvious is the works for label (ādāb al-muāsharah). From the point of the quantity of these works, it is seen that the label books published in the one-party period are relatively more than the Ottoman period. While 18 works were published in the late Ottoman period, 26 books were published in the one-party years. Within the scope of this research, 26 books with the title including the phrase "Dieb al-Muhasharah" were examined. It was understood that the authors fully supported the socio-cultural changes that the political administration of the period wanted to make. Considering that these books were published at a time when religious and moral education was problematic; it is understood that it plays a clear mission and vision role in guiding the perception of the value of society. There are differences in the use of the language of religion in publications before and after 1930. The language of religion which was seen as a means of legitimizing the innovations brought by one-party management in the pre-1930s publications seems to have been used deliberately in the secular expressions, and the religious element, expression and way of living were belittled. In this article, first, the conceptual framework was explained and then the publications for the subject were examined in terms of changing the perception of value under the titles of personal, family, social and institutional label. Altho-ugh it was realized with modernization and European influence, it is seen that this issue had been important since the times of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and taught as a lesson in schools. Similar courses were included in the late Ottoman education and training curriculum. Looking at the publications launched in the one-party period in terms of authors, it is seen that some of compiled more than one work. In the publications, it was emphasized that personal care means modernization and that both men and women should care. Otherwise, it is stated that it won’t be valuable. This situation is valid not only for men but also for women. Another set of rules that men and women must follow is the way they behave in social life. The reason why it is compul-sory to follow these behaviors arises from the thought of ensuring the survival of the state. Ot-herwise, the common understanding was that the state will be shaken. For the reason that the only way the newly established state has chosen for itself is modernization. The survival of the state is mentioned in these works, which will be possible through the daily application of the European tradition. Looking at the works, it is seen that the understanding of the family has changed quite a lot. It was stated that the way family members address each other changes and some concepts are not suitable for use. It is no longer inconvenient to enter the houses with shoes, but various types of entertainment such as New Year's Eve enters into family life. A particular issue mentioned about the family is the understanding of gender equality. It was stated that the old ti-mes/administrations did not provide equality between men and women. The main issue that is expressed primarily for corporate prosperity is respect for managers. The second duty of a citizen who minds corporate success is to work hard and pay taxes. It is often mentioned that the future of the state depends on it. In some of the publications, it is seen that French, German, and Italian manners were taken as guides. While the French influence prevailed in the last period of the Ottoman Empire but at the beginning of the one-party years, it is understood from the publicati-ons that after 1930 the British rules of life gradually gained value. In the publications, women and girls are mentioned as the most important social segment that must obey the rules. For this reason, it has been tried to express the values through women, which are considered in the books of the label. The types of clothes such as veils and burqa are expressed as out of age, and the types of clothes related to women's issues such as clothing-dressing and eating-drinking are mentioned. According to the published books of this period, it is quite natural for women to drink alcohol and dance with men. Even the woman should have a good knowledge of these. This indicates that the perception of value has changed and/or is desired to be changed. Many labels were published after the one-party period. When these books are examined in general, it can be seen that they are parallel to the political understanding of the period. While publications of the last period of the Ottoman Empire is a signature of modernization from various perspectives, it is a way of becoming European in every aspect in the one-party period and making sense of value and direction. In fact, while the concept of "ādāb al-muāsharah" was an expression of modernization before 1945, this situation began to lose its importance in the following years and became a conservative expression especially after 2000. As a result, we can express this: Many of the personal, domestic, social and institutional issues mentioned in the label books published in the one-party period are important in terms of being a sign of the changing value perception of the period. In every period, there have been various types of public-cations that justify the innovations that political will wants to realize. In the single-party pe-riod, it is possible to see the label books as a type of publication expressing the innovations that the constitutive will want to realize. Since the socio-cultural innovations realized by the constitutive will between 1925 and 1945 were directly or indirectly related to religious insights and practices, the works that were published in this period presented a new perception of value to the society.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Etiquette (ādāb Al-muāsharah) Books Of The One-party Period In Terms Of Values Education
2020
Dergi:  
Eskiyeni
Yazar:  
Özet:

The modernization concept that started in the last period of the Ottoman Empire was seen as a compulsory way to follow after the foundation of the Republic. Founded in 1923, CHP is the party that ruled the country alone between 1925-1945. Since one party was in the administration it is named as the “One-Party Period” between those years. Between the years 1925 and 1945 content of the modernization was seen in many fields such as political, socio-cultural, economics as being completely Europeanized, which was also reflected in the publications launched in the one-party period. One of the types of publications in which this understanding of modernization is seen as the most obvious is the works for etiquette (ādāb al-muāsharah). From the point of the quantity of these works, it is seen that the etiquette books published in the one-party period are relatively more than the Ottoman period. While 18 works were published in the late Ottoman period, 26 books were published in the one-party years. Within the scope of this research, 26 books with the title including the phrase “ādāb al-muāsharah” were examined. It was understood that the aut-hors fully supported the socio-cultural changes that the political administration of the period wanted to make. Considering that these books were published at a time when religious and moral education was problematic; it is understood that it plays a clear mission and vision role in gui-ding the perception of the value of the society. There are differences in the use of the language of religion in publications before and after 1930. The language of religion which was seen as a mean of legitimizing the innovations brought by one-party management in the pre-1930s publications seems to have been used deliberatetly in the secular expressions, and the religious element, expression and way of living were belittled. In this article, firstly, the conceptual framework was explained and then the publications for the subject were examined in terms of changing the perception of value under the titles of personal, family, social and institutional etiquette. Altho-ugh it was realized with modernization and European influence, it is seen that this issue had been important since the times of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and taught as a lesson in schools. Similar courses were included in the late Ottoman education and training curriculum. Looking at the publications launched in the one-party period in terms of authors, it is seen that some of compiled more than one work. In the publications, it was emphasized that personal care means modernization and that both men and women should mind. Otherwise, it is stated that it won’t be valueable. This situation is valid not only for men but also for women. Another set of rules that men and women must follow is the way they conduct in social life. The reason why it is compul-sory to follow these behaviors arises from the thought of ensuring the survival of the state. Ot-herwise, the common understanding was that the state will be shaken. For the reason that the only way the newly established state has chosen for itself is modernization. The survival of the state is mentioned in these works, which will be possible through the daily application of the European tradition. Looking at the works, it is seen that the understanding of family has changed quite a lot. It was stated that the way family members address each other changes and some concepts are not suitable for use. It is no longer inconvenient to enter the houses with shoes, but various types of entertainment such as New Year’s Eve enters into family life. A particular issue mentioned about the family is the understanding of gender equality. It was stated that the old ti-mes/administrations did not provide equality between men and women. The main issue that is expressed primarily for corporate prosperity is respect for managers. The second duty of a citizen who minds corporate success is to work hard and pay taxes. It is often mentioned that the future of the state depends on it. In some of the publications, it is seen that French, German, and Italian manners were taken as guides. While the French influence prevailed in the last period of the Ottoman Empire but at the beginning of the one-party years, it is understood from the publicati-ons that after 1930 the British rules of life gradually gained worth. In the publications, women and girls are mentioned as the most important social segment that must obey the rules. For this reason, it has been tried to express the values through women’s, which are considered in the books of the etiquette. The types of clothing such as veils and burqa are expressed as out of age, and the types of clothing related to women’s issues such as clothing-dressing and eating-drinking are mentioned. According to the published books of this period, it is quite natural for women to drink alcohol and dance with men. Even the woman should have a good knowledge of these. This indicates that the perception of value has changed and / or is desired to be changed. Many etiquette books were published after the one-party period. When these books are examined in general, it can be seen that they are parallel to the political understanding of the period. While publications of the last period of the Ottoman Empire is a signature of modernization from vari-ous perspectives, it is a way of becoming European in every aspect in the one-party period and making sense of value and direction. In fact, while the concept of “ādāb al-muāsharah” was an expression of modernization before 1945, this situation started to lose its importance in the following years and became a conservative expression especially after 2000. As a result, we can express this: Many of the personal, domestic, social and institutional issues mentioned in the etiquette books published in the one-party period are important in terms of being a sign of the changing value perception of the period. In every period, there have been various types of publi-cations which justify the innovations that political will wants to realize. In the single-party pe-riod, it is possible to see the etiquette books as a type of publication expressing the innovations that the constitutive will want to realize. Since the socio-cultural innovations realized by the constitutive will between 1925 and 1945 were directly or indirectly related to religious insights and practices, the works that were published in this period presented a new perception of value to the society.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

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