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Ebû İshâk El-cûzcânî’nin “ahvâlu’r-ricâl” Adli Eserindeki Tenkit Metodu, Cerh-ta’dil Lafizlari ve Delâletleri
2022
Dergi:  
Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi
Yazar:  
Özet:

Hadis tespit ve tenkit sistemindeki değeri ve işlevine binaen râvi soruşturmaları, erken sayılabilecek bir dönemde başlamış ve bu alanda tarihi süreç içerisinde devâsa bir külliyat oluşmuştur. Hicri 3. asırda yoğunlaşan ve ricâl tenkidine esas teşkil eden lafızların muhtevalarının ve delâletlerinin tespiti, ortaya çıktıkları dönemin şartları ve ilmî gelişmeleriyle yakından ilişkilidir. Dolayısıyla tenkit lafızlarının tarihsel kökenleriyle buluşturulması, doğal ve özel bağlamlarının tespiti, onların hadiste doğru kullanımına imkân hazırlayacaktır. Cerh-tadil ilminin sistematik bir yapı kazanmaya başladığı Hicri 3. asırda yaşamış, bu alanda eser vermiş dönemin münekkit muhaddislerin biri de Ebû İshâk el-Cûzcânî’ (öl. 259/873) dir. Cerh ve ta’dil âlimlerinden Cûzcânî’nin, “duafâ” literatürünün bir örneği olan “Ahvâlu’r-ricâl” adlı eseri, özellikle bid’at ehline yönelik aşırı tenkitleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca, hadis usûlünde genel kabul gören, mübtediʻ râvînin dâî olması durumunda rivayetine itibar edilmeyeceği kuralını ilk tahdîs eden münekkit olması itibarıyla da araştırılmaya değer niteliktedir. Genellikle zayıf, metrûk ve bid‘at ehlinden râvilerin yer aldığı eserinde Cûzcânî, Hâricîler başta olmak üzere ehl-i bid’at fırkaları kitabın ilk kısmında zikretmiş ve onları mezhebî düşüncelerinden dolayı cerhetmiştir. Diğer taraftan râvileri beldelerine göre de tasnif etmiş, en çok da Şiî eğilimli olan Kûfelileri, sonra da Kaderiyye mezhebine mensup Basralı râvileri tenkit etmiştir. O, döneminin cerh-ta’dil imamlarının görüşlerine başvurduğu gibi, geçmiş âlimlerin değerlendirmelerini de bazen isnadlı bazen de ilim ehli nezdinde maruf olduğu için senedsiz olarak nakletmiştir. Birçok yerde ricâlle ilgili isim, künye, nisbe, lakab ve belde bilgilerini de zikretmiş, bazen ricâl tenkidine dair bilgiyi aktarırken, râvinin hadis tahammül yöntemine de işaret etmiştir. Tenkit metodu çerçevesinde Cûzcani, cerh sebebini bazen açıklamış, bazen râvinin belirli bir sıfatı veya rivayetleri nedeniyle yaptığı “mukayyed” yani şartlı tenkitlere yer vermiştir. Râvi hakkındaki hükmünü açıklarken, görüşünü destekler nitelikteki diğer münekkit âlimlerin değerlendirmelerini de nakletmiştir. Bazen râvilerin tenkit durumları arasında kıyaslama yapmayı tercih etmiştir. Eserde çoğunlukta sıdk ve adâlet sıfatlarının bulunmaması, bid‘atıyla tanınması, rivayetinde hatasının çokluğu ve zayıflığıyla bilinmesi nedeniyle rivayetlerinin kabul edilmeyeceği mecrûh râvilere yer verilmiştir. Bu râviler hakkında müfred ya da mürekkeb olarak çeşitli cerh lafızları yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Ancak özellikle bid‘at ehlinden olan râvileri tenkit ederken bazı kullanımları ile kendine özgü bir terminoloji oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. “Ahvâlu’r-ricâl”de genellikle zayıf, metrûk ve yalancı râvilere yer vermekle birlikte bazen, yalnız bid‘atını açıklamak gayesiyle sika olanları da zikretmiştir. “Sika, sebt, sadûk, mütemâsek” gibi ta’dile delalet eden lafızlarla bid’at görüşü dışında bazı râvilerin güvenilir ve sadûk olduğuna hükmetmiş, böylelikle râvinin mezhebî düşüncesi ile hadis rivayeti arasında bir ayrım yapmıştır. Bununla birlikte, eserinde zikrettiği birçok ricâlin bid’at ehlinden olması ve onları aşırı cerh etmesi nedeniyle, tenkit metodu itibarıyla cerh-ta’dil ilminde müteşeddit münekkitlerden addedilmiştir. Ancak, Cûzcânî’nin, bid’at ehlinin dâî olması durumunda rivayetinin kabul edilmeyeceği görüşü dikkate alındığında ihtiyat gereği tenkitlerinde aşırı olması daha anlamlı hale gelmektedir. Hicri 3. asırdan itibaren birçok cerh-ta’dil âliminin onun görüşlerine başvurması, ondan rivayette bulunması ve eserlerinde iktibaslar yapması, tenkitlerine itibar edildiğini, eserinin “duafâ” literatürü açısından önemli bir kaynak değeri olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte erken dönemde bazı âlimler tarafından Hz. Ali ve Ehl-i Beyte karşı olumsuz tutumlarıyla bilinen Cûzcânî, daha sonraları Nâsıbî ve Harûrî gibi mezheplere mensup olmakla itham edilmiştir. Bu durum onun Kûfeli râvilere önyargılı olduğu ve onlar hakkındaki cerhlerinin kabul edilemeyeceği şeklinde değerlendirmelere neden olmuştur. Bazı âlimler tarafından cârih ile mecrûh arasındaki itikâdî ve mezhebî düşünce farklılığına Cûzcânî’nin örnek gösterilmesi, ricâl ilmi alanındaki araştırmalarda dikkatleri onun ve eserinin üzerine çekmiş ve son yıllarda hakkında bazı çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma, “Ahvâlu’r-ricâl” özelinde Cûzcânî’nin ricâl tenkit metodunu belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Eserdeki ricâl tenkitleri dikkate alınarak tenkit metodu, cerh-ta’dil lafızlarının tarihsel kökenleriyle buluşturulması, doğal ve özel bağlamlarının tespiti ve delâleti hakkında bir sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ebû İshâk El-cûzcânî'nin "ahvâlu'r-ricâl" Adli Eserindeki Tenkit Method, Cerh-ta'dil Lafizlari ve Delâletleri
2022
Yazar:  
Özet:

The ravi investigations, based on the value and function of the Hadis detection and tenkit system, began in a period that could be counted early, and in this area in the historic process formed a giant culture. Third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third-third, Thus, the meeting with the historical origins of the tinted words, the identification of their natural and special contexts, will make it possible for their correct use in the event. Three years later, when he was born, he was born, and he was born, and he was born, and he was born, and he was born, and he was born. It is 259/873. In the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). In addition, it is valuable to be investigated in the case of the general acceptance of the hadith, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, the righteous, and the righteous. In the first part of the book, the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world, who are the people of the world. And he was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one. He, as he referred to the opinions of his ceh-ta-dil imam, translated the opinions of the ancient allies as well as sometimes as well as sometimes as well as because he was maruf in the presence of the scientists. In many places, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, the name of the righteous, and the name of the righteous. In the framework of the tenk method, Cûzcani has sometimes explained the cause of cerh, sometimes placed on the "mukayyed" or conditional tenkings that the rave has done because of a certain rating or rivayet. The judgment of the righteous, when the judgment of the righteous, the judgment of the righteous, the judgment of the righteous, the judgment of the righteous, the judgment of the righteous. Sometimes, he preferred to compare between the circumstances of the rabies. There are many kinds of people who do not know the truth and the truth, and there are many kinds of people who do not know the truth and the truth, and there are many kinds of people who do not know the truth and the truth. There are many kinds of species that are commonly used or used in the form of a variety of species or species. But especially when it comes to the ravials of the bid'at members, it has tried to create a specific terminology with some uses. In "Ahvâlu'r-ricâl" he often mentioned the weak, metruck and liar râviles, but sometimes he also mentioned those who were so-called to explain his bid'at. In the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Therefore, many of the people who are in the world, and who are in the world, and who are in the world, and who are in the world, and who are in the world, and who are in the world, and who are in the world. But when it comes to the discretion of the people of the world, it is more likely that the people of the world will not be able to do so, and the people of the world will not be able to do so, and they will not be able to do so. by Hicri 3. From the century, many cerh-ta'dil scientists appeal to his opinions, appeal from him in the rivayette and making statements in his works, showing that his tents were recognized, and that his work was an important source value in terms of literature "duafâ". But in the early days, some of them were He was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one. This has led to his prejudice to the Kûfeli râviles and to the fact that their hearts about them are not accepted. Therefore, the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge. This research is aimed at determining the "Ahvâlu'r-ricâl" particular method of Cûzcânî's rical tenkit. Considering the rical tents in the work, the tents method, the meeting of the historical origins of the cerh-ta's words, the identification and the proof of their natural and special contexts, were attempted to reach a conclusion.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

The Criticism Method, Al-jarh Wal-ta’dil Wordings and Their Denotations In Abu Ishaq Al-juzjani’s Book “ahvalu’r-rijal”
2022
Yazar:  
Özet:

Based on its value and function in the hadith detection and criticism system, narrator investigations started in a period that can be considered early, and a huge entire corpus has been formed in this field in the historical process. The determination of the contents and indications of the words, which concentrated in the 3rd century Hijri and constituted the basis for the criticism of the rijal, is closely related to the conditions and scientific developments of the period in which they emerged. Therefore, bringing together the words of criticism with their historical origins and determining their natural and special contexts will allow them to be used correctly in the hadith. Abû Ishaq al-Juzjânî (d. 259), who lived in Damascus, was one of the critics of the period, who lived in the 3rd century Hijri, when the science of Jarh-ta’dil began to gain a systematic structure and who wrote works in this field. One of the jarh and ta'dil scholars, Juzjânî's work "Ahvâlu'r-rijâl", which is an example of the "duafâ" literature, draws attention with its extreme criticisms especially towards the people of bid'ah. In addition, it is worth investigating as he is the first critic to define the rule that is generally accepted in hadith methodology and that if a mubtadiʻ narrator is dai, his narration will not be respected. Juzjânî mentioned in the first part of the book the sects of bid'at including first Khawârij in his work which usually includes weak, matruq, and the people of bid'at, he and he dismissed them because of their sectarian thoughts. On the other hand, he classified the narrators according to their towns, and criticized mostly the people of Qufa who had a Shiite inclination, and then the narrators from Basra who belonged to the Qadariyya sect. He referred to the opinions of the jarh-ta'dil imams of his time, and he conveyed the evaluations of previous scholars sometimes with isnad and sometimes without proof, since he was well known by the scholars. In many places, he also mentioned the name, tag, nisba, nickname and town information about the rijal, and sometimes while conveying the information about the rijal's criticism, he also pointed out the hadith tolerance method of the narrator. Within the framework of the criticism method, Juzjânî sometimes explained the reason for the jarh, and sometimes included the "mukayyad", that is, conditional criticism, which he made due to a certain attribute or narration of the narrator. While explaining his judgment on the narrator, he also quoted the evaluations of other criticizing scholars who supported his view. Sometimes he preferred to make comparisons between the criticisms of the narrators. In the study, because of the absence of the attributes of sidq and ‘adl in general, being known for his bid'at, and known for the commonness of mistakes and weakness of his narrations, the narrations of the narrators whose narrations would not be accepted are included. Various jarh words have been widely used as single (mufrad) or compound (murakkab) about these narrators. However, he tried to create a unique terminology with some usages while criticizing the narrators who were especially from the people of bid'ah. Although "Ahvalu'r-rijal" usually includes weak, matruq and lying ravis, it has also sometimes mentioned siqa ones in order to explain its bid'at alone. He ruled that some ravis are reliable and saduk, except for the opinion of bid'at, with words such as ”siqa, sabt, saduq, mutamashak", he made a distinction between the idea of the sect of ravi and the hadith narration. However, due to the fact that many of the requests he mentioned in his work are from the people of bid'at and he over-evaluates them, he has been considered one of the thankful individuals in the knowledge of jarh-taʿdīl by the method of criticism. However, considering the opinion of Juzjânî that the narrations will not be accepted if the people of bid'at are a daî, it becomes more meaningful that he is excessive in his criticisms due to prudence. Since the 3rd century Hijri, many jarh- taʿdīl scholars have sought his views, narrated from him and quoted him in their works, showing that his criticisms are respected and that his work is an important resource for the "duafā" literature. However, in the early period by some scholars, known for his negative attitudes towards Ali and Ahl al-Bayt, Juzjânî was later accused of belonging to sects such as Nâsıbî and Harûrî. This situation has led to evaluations that he is prejudiced against the narrators of Qufa and that his jarh statements about them cannot be accepted. This research aims to determine Juzjani's rijal criticism method in particular “Ahvalu'r-rical”. Taking into account the rijal criticisms in the work, it was tried to reach a conclusion about the method of criticism, bringing together the jerh- taʿdīl words with their historical origins, determining and indicating their natural and special contexts.

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