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Osmanlı kadınları tıpkı erkekler gibi haksızlığa maruz kaldıklarında devletin hukuki temsilcilerine başvurmuşlardır. Davalı ve davacı olarak yer aldıkları mahkemede şahsen ya da vekilleri vasıtasıyla sözlü olarak durumlarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu süreçte kadınlar haklarını öncelikle şer’iyye mahkemelerinde aramışlar, istedikleri sonucu alamazlarsa şikâyet dilekçeleri yazarak Divan-ı Hümayun’a başvurmuşlardır. Divan-ı Hümayun görüşmeleri sonunda alınan kararların müsveddeleri temize çekilerek belirli defterlere tarih sırasına göre özet olarak kaydedilmiştir. Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri adı verilen bu defter serilerinin en önemlilerinden biri de bölgelere göre sınıflandırılmış olan şikâyetleri içeren Ahkâm Defterleridir. Bu çalışmada İstanbul eyaletine ait, 19. yüzyılda tutulmuş Ahkâm Defterleri içinde yer alan, tarımsal faaliyetlerle ilgili kadınlar tarafından yapılan başvuruları içeren 202 hüküm kaydı, içerdikleri şikâyet konuları açısından değerlendirilerek, kadınların toprak ile ilgili daha çok hangi konularda yaşadıkları sorunlardan dolayı Divan-ı Hümayun’a başvurdukları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Kadınların başvuruları üzerine alınan kararları içeren bu kayıtlar konu bakımından sınıflandırıldığında, kendilerine ait olan tımar, mülk çiftlik, tarla ve arazilere, mera, yaylak, kışlak, otlak, çayır, bağ, bahçe ve bostana, hissedarların, akrabaların veya bölge sakinlerinden bir kimsenin haksız müdahalesinin engellenmesi amacıyla yapılan başvurular, tüm kayıtlarda olduğu gibi kadınların başvuru gerekçeleri içinde de en çok karşılaşılan başvuru nedenidir. Bunun yanısıra mirasen intikalde yaşanan sorunlardan dolayı yapılan başvuruların yüksekliği de dikkat çekmektedir (“miri toprağın, sazlık ve kamışlığın mirasen intikali” ile ilgili 60, “mülk, bağ, bahçe ve tarlanın mirasen intikali” ile ilgili 27 kayıt mevcuttur). Bu kayıtlar içinde kadınların kendilerine mirasen intikal eden topraklarının, sahibi arz tarafından fazladan vergi almak için başkasına verilmek istenmesi nedeniyle yaptıkları başvurulara da sık rastlanmaktadır. Bazı anlaşmazlıklara istinaden birden fazla kayıt tutulduğu da görülmüştür. Müdahale ve mirasen intikal ile ilgili bazı örnek kayıtlar, kadınların Divan-ı Hümayun’a başvurmalarına neden olan anlaşmazlıkları ve bu başvurulara istinaden geliştirilen çözümü gösteren birincil kaynak olması bakımından değerlendirilmiştir.
When the Ottoman women were exposed to injustice like men, they appealed to the legal representatives of the state. They have expressed their situation in the court in their place as prosecutors, personally or through their advocates. In this process, women first appealed to their rights to Sheriff in their courts, and if they did not get the result they did not get the complaint requests by writing to Divan-i Hümayun. At the end of the meeting, the decisions made by the Court of Justice were cleared and recorded in certain records as a summary according to the date order. One of the most important of these book series, called Divan-i Hümayun Register, is the Ahkâm Books that contain complaints that are classified according to the regions. It is the state of Istanbul, 19th. In the Ahkâm Books held in the century, 202 ruling records, which include applications made by women related to agricultural activities, were evaluated in terms of the complaints they contain, attempted to identify that women appealed to Divan-i Hümayun because of the issues they had more about land. When these records contain decisions made on the applications of women are classified by subject, the applications made in order to prevent the unfair interference of the shareholders, relatives or residents of the region, as in all records, are the most common cause of the application of the women, as well as in the reasons for their application. In addition, the height of applications made due to the problems in the invention of heritage is also remarkable (there are 60 records on the invention of heritage of the land, the land and the land, and 27 records on the invention of heritage of the property, the garden, the garden and the field). In these records, women often find the applications they make because of the land they have inherited from their inheritance, the owner is asked to be given to someone else to receive additional tax by the supply. It has also been
Ottoman women, just like men, applied to the legal authorities of the state when they were subjected to injustice. They expressed their situations verbally in person or through their attorneys in the court wherein they took part as a defendant or plaintiff. In this process, women first sought their rights in the Sharia courts, and if they could not get the result they wanted, they wrote petitions and applied to the Divan-ı Humayun (Imperial Council of Ottoman). After making the fair copies of the draft decrees taken at the end of Divan-ı Humayun meetings, they were briefly written in certain books in the date order. One of the most important of these book series that are called Divan-ı Humayun Registers is the Ahkâm Books which covers complaints classified by their regions. In this study, a total of 202 decree records obtained from Ahkam Books, which were kept in the 19th century in the province of Istanbul, about the applications filed by women with respect to agricultural activities have been evaluated in terms of the subject of complaints in their contents in order to find out the major problems the women experienced regarding land that led them to apply to the Divan-ı Humayun. When these records containing the decrees made on women's applications are classified in terms of their subject, the primary reason for the applications of women, similar to all other records, was to stop unjust interventions by the shareholders, relatives or other residents of the area in their properties such as enfeoffed land, farms, farmlands, lots, pastures, meadows, vineyards, gardens, or orchards. In addition to this, the high number of applications filed due to the problems experienced related to descent is also remarkable (there are 60 records regarding the "descent of demesne", and 27 records regarding the "descent of property, vineyard, garden, and farmland"). Also frequently seen among these records are the applications made by women because the lands descended to them were attempted to be transferred to others by the "sahib-i arz" (owner of the land on behalf the state) in order to get surplus tax. It was also observed that multiple records were kept based on certain disputes. Some sample records related to intervention and descent have been evaluated as the primary sources showing the causes of the disputes that led women to apply to the Divan-ı Humayun and the resolutions developed in return.
Alan : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Hukuk; İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler; Spor Bilimleri
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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