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Hz. Peygamber’in vefatı sonrası Hz. Osman’ın (öl. 35/656) şehit edilmesi ve Hz. Ali’nin (öl. 40/661) halifeliği döneminde vuku bulan Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşları özellikle Müslümanları karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Yaşanan bu hâdiselerden sonra başlayan tartışmalar, özelde bir Müslümanı öldürenin durumu genelde ise kader ekseninde sürdürülmüştür. İlk dönemde ortaya çıkan bireysel düşünceler zamanla fırka/mezheplerin görüşlerine dönüşmüş, bu fırka/mezhepler diğer konularda olduğu gibi bu konuda da birbirlerini tenkit etmişler, konuyla ilgili reddiyeler kaleme almışlardır. Bu köklü ve çetrefilli konu, günümüze kadar gelen süreçte, Osmanlı’da da ele alınmış, Arapça ve Türkçe olarak ya eserlerin içinde bir bölüm olarak yer almış ya da müstakil risâleler halinde ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın konusu olan Boyabatlı Halil Şükrü Efendi’nin (öl.?) kazâ ve kader hakkındaki risalesi de işte bunlardan biridir. Müellif müstakil olarak kaleme aldığı risâlesinde, kendi düşüncelerini örneklerle açıklarken bazı fırkaların kazâ ve kader hakkındaki görüşlerini de çürütmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada Hafız Halil Şükrü Efendi’nin kazâ ve kader hakkındaki risalesi temel alınmıştır. Müellifin hayatı ve ilmî şahsiyeti hakkında ulaşılan arşiv belgelerinden özet bilgiler verilmiş, daha sonra risale tahlil edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Risalede müellif tarafından herhangi bir alt başlık kullanılmamıştır. Ancak risalenin tahlilinde tarafımızdan konunun daha rahat anlaşılmasını sağlamak amacıyla ilgili yerlerde alt başlıklar konulmuştur. Kazâ ve kader kavramları, fiillerin Allah’a ve insana nispet edilmesi, kaderin önceden belirli olup olmadığı, Cebriyye ve Muʻtezile fırkalarına verdiği cevaplar bu başlıklardan birkaç tanesidir. Halil Şükrü Efendi insan fiillerini kesb ve halk, kazâ ve makzî olarak iki ayrı grupta incelemiş, fiillerin failiyet mahalliyet açısından analizini de yapmaya çalışmıştır. Kader üst başlığında ele alınan hidâyet ve dalâlet ile adâlet ve zulüm konularında da görüşlerini belirten müellif teklif noktasında ilgi çekici değerlendirmelerde bulunmuştur. Halil Şükrü Efendi insan iradesi ile teklifin ayrı şeyler olduğunu, biri olduğu için diğerinin var olduğunu değil ikisinin de bağımsız olarak var olduğunu söylemiştir. Yani teklif olduğu için iman veya küfrün olmayacağını dile getiren Halil Şükrü Efendi’ye göre teklifin bu noktada insan iradesi veya seçimleri üzerinde bir bağlayıcılığı yoktur. Buna göre Halil Şükrü Efendi’nin, insan iradesiyle ilgili olarak Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’nin (öl. 333/944) görüşlerine yakın bir görüşte olduğu söylenebilir.
by Hz. after the death of the Prophet. The death of Osman. 35/656 of the Holy Spirit. The death of Ali. 40/661) The war of Jamel and Sifin, which was fought during the time of the Khalifa, brought to the face Muslims in particular. The disputes that began after these events, the situation of the murder of a Muslim in particular, usually, continued in the axis of fate. The individual thoughts that emerged in the first period became the opinions of the frogs/members over time, these frogs/members, as in other subjects, also discussed each other in this matter, rejected the subject. This root and square issue has been addressed in the process until today, also in the Ottoman, in Arabic and Turkish, either as a part of the works or being addressed in special forms. The subject of this work is Boyabatli Halil thanks to the Lord (dead.) This is one of the fate and fate. In his message, the Mulif was tempted to dissolve his own thoughts with examples, while some of his opinions about accident and fate were attempted to dissolve. This study was based on the memory of Mr. Halil Thanksgiving’s narrative about the accident and fate. The archives of the life and the scientific personality of the author were given a summary of the information, and then tried to be evaluated. No subtitles were used by the author. However, in the assessment of the message, the subtitles were placed in the relevant places in order to ensure that the subject is more convenient from us. The concepts of accident and fate, the comparison of the facts to God and to man, whether the fate is determined in advance, the answers given to the Cebriyye and Mu'tezile frogs are some of these titles. The Lord has studied the human facts in two separate groups and has tried to analyze the facts in terms of failure and cost. He is the one who gives righteousness and righteousness, and he is the one who gives righteousness and righteousness, and he is the one who gives righteousness and righteousness. The Lord said that the proposal with the human will is different things, because one is the other, not that the other exists, and that both exist independently. Thus, because it is a proposal, there will be no faith or disbelief, according to the Halil Thanksgiving Lord, the proposal has no binding on human will or choices at this point. The Lord is grateful, and the Lord is grateful, and the Lord is grateful, and the Lord is grateful. 333/944) can be said to have a close view of their views.
In the period that began with the death of the Prophet Hz Muhammad, the martyrdom of Hz. Othmān and the Battles of Camel and Siffin which took place during the caliphate of Hz. Ali, caused Muslims to have confronted each other. The debates that started after these incidents had been carried out within the frame of killing a Muslim in particular and the issue of predestionation in general. The personal opinions that emerged in the first period became the doctrines of the parties/sects over time. These parties/sects have criticized each other on this subject as well as all other subjects and they have written refutations to one another. This deep-rooted and complicated issue has been handled in the Ottoman period in both Arabic and Turkish works as either a chapter or a separate risālah (epistles). Khalil Shukru’s risālah on qaḍā and qadar is one of those risālahs that we have discussed in this article. In his separately written risālah, he tried to refuse the opinions of some parties regarding qaḍā, and qadar by explaining his own opinions with examples. This study is based on Khalil Shukru Afandī's risālah qaḍā and qadar. A brief information about the author's life and scientific personality was given based on archive documents and then the epistle was analyzed. The author has handled the subject in a unique way, interpreting the situations ordained by Allah and human acts as a separate qadar. Khalil Shukru Afandī examines human acts in two different groups as acquisition (kasb) and creation (khalq), qaḍā and makzī, and analyzes the actions in terms of agency. Khalil Shukru Afandī did not use any subtitles in his risālah. However, in the analysis of the treatise, sub-headings have been included in the relevant places in order to make the subject easier to understand by us. The epistle tackles the issues qaḍā and qadar, God’s action and human acts, responses to the Jabriyya and Muètazilite. The author offers his views on the issues of hidāyat (guidance) and misguidance, justice, and cruelty, which is discussed under the heading of qadar and makes interesting points about human accountability for their actions. Khalil Shukru Afandī argues that human will (irādah) and accountability are separate things, which are independent of one another. In other words, according to Khalil Shukru Afandī, who stated that there will be no belief or disbelief because it is an offer, the offer has no binding on human will (irādah) or choices at this point. Accordingly, it can be said that Khalil Shukru Afandī was in close agreement with the views of Abū Mansur Māturīdī regarding human will (irādah).
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