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Kentler, savaşlar, politik kararlar, tekil ya da büyük ölçüdeki yıkımlar ve doğal afetlerle dönüşür ve değişirler. Yaşanan bu değişimler bazı önemli olaylar ve tarihi ara kesitlerde belirgin olarak görülebilir. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı (KAF) üzerinde bulunan Erzincan kenti, tarihi boyunca büyük hasara uğratan, yıkıcı depremler yaşamış, sürekli yıkılmış ve yer değiştirmek zorunda kalmıştır. 27 Aralık günü 1939 yılında yaşanan depremde kentin tamamına yakını yıkılmış ve 15.600 kişi yaşamını yitirmiştir. Kerpiç dolgulu ahşap iskeletli geleneksel sistemle yapılan evlerin çoğunlukta olduğu, kış aylarında sobayla ısınılan dönemde yaşanan deprem; kentte evlerin çoğunluğunun yıkılmasına yol açmış ve sonrasında sobaların devrilmesiyle çıkan yangınlar nedeniyle kent tamamen harap olmuştur. Ayrıca, II. Dünya Savaşı’nın olumsuz askeri, siyasi ve ekonomik etkileri ortaya çıkmış; 1939 Erzincan depremi sonrasında halk, uzun süre maddi sıkıntılar yaşamış ve barınma sorununa çözüm aramıştır.
Erzincan kentinin tarihinde yaşadığı depremlerle sürekli yıkılması, yer değiştirmesi ve özellikle 1939 depremiyle birlikte halkın yaşadığı trajik olaylar depreme karşı güvenli konut yapımına önem ve öncelik verilmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada; Erzincan kent belleği ve halkın yaşantısı açısından ayrı bir değer taşıyan, Erzincan depremi sonucunda özgün bir yapı modeli olarak karşımıza çıkan Kurma Evler incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Kurma Evlerin; Erzincan’ın yaşadığı deprem, deprem sonrası halkın yaşamına kattığı değer, kent ve kentli belleğinde yer etmiş önemli bir mimari miras olduğu düşüncesidir. Kurma Evlerin; fay hatları üzerinde bulunan, depremin yıkıcı etkilerinin yoğun biçimde yaşandığı Erzincan yerleşiminde kent ve halkın belleğinde yer etmiş yapılar olması, halkın depremde içinde güvende kalabilmesi açısından barınma sorununu çözen özgün yapı parçalarını oluşturması, sivil mimari miras ve hafıza mekânı olarak halkın yaşamına dair derin izleri barındırdığı düşünülmektedir. Bu yönüyle Kurma Evler üzerine yapılan analiz çalışması ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır.
1939 depremi sonrası yapılmasına karar verilen Kurma Evlerin; depreme dayanıklılığı ön planda tutularak planlandığı, 1992 yılı depremi ve sonraki süreçte halkın güvenle içerisinde yaşadığı, kente özgü, önemli, özgün yapı parçalarını oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada; depremde yıkılmaya karşı dayanıklı, tek katlı, bahçeli, depremde halkın güvenle içinde kalabileceği, halkın barınma sorununu kapsamlı biçimde çözmek amacıyla yapılan Kurma Evler incelenmektedir. TBMM Tutanaklarında “Takma Ev”, halk arasında “Kurma Ev” biçiminde isimlendirilen yapılara; çalışma boyunca “Kurma Ev” kullanımıyla yer verilmiştir.
2016 yılından itibarenraştırmacılar tarafından Erzincan Kenti ve Kurma Evler üzerine literatür taramaları ve saha çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Kullanıcılarının istekleri nedeniyle tekil ölçekte yıkılan Kurma Evler; özellikle 2012 yılında yürürlüğe giren 6306 sayılı “Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüştürülmesi Hakkında Kanun” kapsamında kentsel dönüşüm yöntemi kullanılarak büyük boyutta yıkım süreci yaşamıştır. Çalışma süreci boyunca yıkımların hızlı biçimde ve artarak sürdürülmesi, yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalan, mimari miras ve kolektif bellek açısından ayrı bir değer taşıyan Kurma Evler üzerine yapılan çalışmayı zorunlu hale getirmiştir.
Araştırma, depremin yıkıcı etkilerinin oldukça hissedildiği Erzincan kentinde, halkın barınma sorununa çözüm amacıyla depreme dayanıklılığı ön planda tutularak Avusturya’dan getirtilen Kurma Evlerin planlama kararları, geliş süreci, kent üzerindeki yerleşimi, örnekler üzerinden mekânsal tasarım özelliklerinin belirlenmesini kapsamaktadır. Yerinde incelenmiş, ölçümleri, çizimleri yapılmış, fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve kullanıcılarıyla birebir görüşmeler yapılmış olan Kurma Ev örnekleri, çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.
Çalışmada, literatür taraması, resmi kurumlardan edinilen belgeler, TBMM Tutanakları, sözlü görüşmeler, yerinde gözlem, haritalar, çizim ve tespitlerden yararlanılmıştır. Kurma Ev örneklerinin belgelenmesi, fotoğraflar ve çizimlerle mimari tasarım bakış açısıyla kayıt altına alınması gerekli görülmektedir. Yapılan çalışmanın; tasarımcılara yol gösterici olması, gelecek nesillere çalışmalarında ışık tutması, depremin etkilerini önemli ölçüde hisseden Erzincan halkının yaşamına ve kentin sivil mimari belleğine dönük özgün analizler ortaya çıkarması açısından literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Cities, wars, political decisions, single or large-scale destruction and natural disasters are transformed and changed. These changes can be seen clearly in some important events and historical interruptions. In the eastern Anadolu region, the city of Erzincan, located on the North Anadolu Fay Line (KAF), has experienced devastating earthquakes, has been constantly destroyed, and has been forced to change. The earthquake of December 27, 1939 destroyed the whole city and killed 15,600 people. The earthquake that occurred during the period of warming with the shell in the winter, where the most of the houses were made with the traditional shell system, led to the destruction of the majority of the houses in the city, and the city was completely destroyed due to the fires that came with the shell’s turning. And also II. The negative military, political and economic effects of the World War came; after the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, the people experienced long financial difficulties and sought a solution to the housing problem.
The continuous devastation of the earthquakes in the history of the city of Erzincan, the change of land, and especially the tragic events in which the people experience with the 1939 earthquake, have led to the importance and priority of the construction of safe housing against the earthquake. In this study; Erzincan city memory and the people's life of a separate value, the Erzincan earthquake is considered as an original building model that comes to us. The . The purpose of the study is the idea that the building houses; the earthquake in which Erzincan lived, the value that after the earthquake contributed to the life of the people, an important architectural heritage located in the city and city memory. The building houses are believed to have structures located in the city and people's memory in the Erzincan settlement where the devastating effects of the earthquake are intense, creating original structural parts that solve the housing problem in terms of the people's safety in the earthquake, civilian architecture heritage and memory place contains deep traces of the people's life. In this regard, the analysis of the building houses has a separate importance.
The construction houses, which were decided to be built after the 1939 earthquake, are planned to keep the earthquake resistance in the forefront, the 1992 earthquake and in the subsequent process the people live safely within, the city is unique, important, original building parts. In this scope, the study is based on the construction houses that are resistant to collapse in the earthquake, one-storey, gardened, where people can stay safe in the earthquake, with the aim of solving the people's housing problem in a comprehensive manner. In the TBMM Tutanak "Takma House", the buildings named in the form of "Kurma House" among the people; during the work with the use of "Kurma House" was placed.
Since 2016, researchers have conducted literary scans and fieldwork on the Erzincan City and Building Houses. Construction houses destroyed on a single scale due to the requests of their users;
The research includes in the city of Erzincan, where the devastating effects of the earthquake are quite felt, the earthquake resistance for the purpose of solving the people's housing problem in the forefront of the construction houses brought from Austria, the planning decisions, the process of arrival, the settlement on the city, the determination of the spatial design characteristics through examples. Examples of Build Home, which have been studied, measured, drawn, photographed and interacted with users, have been included in the work.
In the study, literature scan, documents obtained from official institutions, TBMM Tutanaks, oral conversations, observation on the site, maps, drawings and detections were used. Installation House samples are documented, photographs and drawings are required to be recorded from an architectural design point of view. It is believed that the work will contribute to literature in terms of being a guide to designers, keeping the future generations light in their work, to the life of the Erzincan people who significantly feel the effects of the earthquake and to reveal the original analyses of the city’s civil architectural memory.
Wars, political decisions, large-scale destruction and natural disasters change and transform cities. Such transformations become even more apparent with certain significant events at historic interims. Located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye, and on the Northern Anatolian Fault (KAF), Erzincan has suffered from devastating earthquakes throughout its history, and was repeatedly devastated and has relocated. On 27 December 1939, a major earthquake destroyed almost the entire city and claimed the lives of 15.600 of its inhabitants. The quake struck during the winter, at a time when stoves were widely used for domestic heating. The majority of houses in the city at the time were constructed on wooden skeletal structures packed with mud bricks. Many of these buildings collapsed during the initial tremor, and the ensuing conflagration caused by toppled stoves swept the city and eventually led to its complete obliteration. In the aftermath, the unfavourable military, political and economic effects of World War II brought significant hardship to the population and the quest for relief to the survivors’ sheltering problems.
Interminable destruction of the city and subsequent relocations, and the series of tragic events that fell upon the people following earthquakes of the past and especially in 1939, have made the importance and construction of earthquake-safe housing very apparent and thus a priority. This paper studies Kurma Evler, a formal term used for the building model developed in response to the Erzincan earthquake that has eventually become a cultural value that bears significance in the city’s collective memory and on people’s lives. Kurma Evler have been designed and manufactured in Austria. The study investigates the significance of Kurma Evler in the context of 1939 and subsequent Erzincan earthquakes, the value it has added to its inhabitants’ lives as well as the significance that these houses have attained as elements of architectural heritage that holding its unique place in the city’s collective memory. Kurma Evler are civil structures that helped the populace alleviate the devastating effects of the earthquake, provided safe and secure shelter in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, and eventually, in the long term, have become permanent civilian architectural structures that contributed to resolving the housing problem in post-earthquake Erzincan. These attributes have made Kurma Evler to be considered civil architectural spaces in the permanent collective memory, contributing to the livelihood of people.
Kurma Evler were specifically designed following the 1939 Erzincan earthquake and were built to withstand large-magnitude earthquakes. In due course these houses have proven to be sturdy and enduring structures that have continually provided safe and secure shelter. These houses continued their intended purpose even in the aftermath of the 1992 earthquake in Erzincan when many Erzincan inhabitants became homeless and moved in with their relatives living in Kurma Evler. These single-story houses, encircled by their own garden, have earned permanency as Erzincan’s indigenous form of housing structures. These houses have since contributed permanently to easing housing problems in the city. In this study the structures are referred to with the name of “Kurma Ev”which appears in the offical reports of the Turkish Grand National Assembly as “Takma Ev” and among the general population called as “Kurma Ev”.
This researh began in 2016 with literature scanning as well as conducting field studies on the city of Erzincan and Kurma Evler. It has become apparent that previously unsystematic, discrete demolition at the behest of their owners has evolved into large-scale destruction after the introduction of legislation in 2012, No. 6306, “Law on the Transformation of Areas Under Risk from Natural Disasters”. Since this law took effect, the destruction has gained momentum and consequently, Kurma Evler may vanish completely and permanently. This fact has made it inevitable to conduct a study on the remaining examples of this architectural heritage of Erzincan.
Kurma Evler were manufactured in Austria. This paper studies the planning and decision-making phase, the delivery processes, the selection of locations and design specifics. The studies were conducted on-site on selected examples; measurements were taken, architectural drawings were made, and photographed and inhabitants living in Kurma Evler were interviewed.
The study used references from the Turkish National Assembly archives, face-to-face interviews, in situ observations, maps, drawings and other available records. It is deemed essential to document the surviving examples of Kurma Evler from an architectural design perspective with photographs and architectural drawings. This study is expected to serve as a guide and an aid to future designers in their quest for earthquake-resistant housing, shed light on future studies by future generations, and provide specific analyses on the civilian architecture of Erzincan and its people who have felt the effects of earthquakes for many generations. It is believed that the elements of this study will collectively form a contribution to the literature on the subject.
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