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7
Tiyatro kavramı birden fazla katmana sahip çok bileşenli bir yapıya sahiptir. Tiyatro mekânı, bu çok katmanlı yapının temel parçalarındandır ve tiyatro sanatının toplumla kurduğu ilişkiye bağlı olarak farklılaşıp çeşitlenir. Türk tiyatrosunun mekân tarihi, siyasi ve sosyal sebeplerle ilintili olarak değişimler içerir. Cumhuriyet Dönemi tiyatro mekânlarının üretim pratikleri ise, tiyatronun gündelik hayattaki konumuna ve gelişim süreçlerine bağlı olarak değişim gösterir. Cumhuriyet’in kuruluş döneminde modern ulus devlet kurma ideolojisi doğrultusunda tiyatroya yüklenen misyon tiyatroyu bir eğitim aracına dönüştürür. Bu yıllarda Cumhuriyet ideolojilerinin halka ulaştırılması ve halkın tiyatro yoluyla eğitilmesi öncelikli hedef olur. Bununla birlikte tiyatro çağdaşlaşmanın bir simgesi olarak görüldüğü için kurumsal bir Türk tiyatrosu oluşturmak adına adımlar atılır. Tiyatro kurumlarının devlet tarafından desteklenmesi, okulların açılması, şehir ve devlet tiyatrolarının gelişmesi, özel tiyatroların sayısındaki artış ile beraber tiyatro mekânına ve tiyatro binasına olan ihtiyaç gündeme gelir. Bu kapsamda 1923 ve 1960 yılları arasında tiyatro mekânları, dönemin eğitim ve kültür merkezleri olarak görülen "Türk Ocakları" ve "Halkevleri" temsil salonlarında kendine yer edinir. 1950'lerden sonra sinema ve kültür merkezleri gibi yeni mekânların ortaya çıkması ve halkın bu mekânlara ilgisinin artması, tiyatro mekânı ihtiyacının bu yapılarda giderilmesiyle sonuçlanır. Makale kapsamında; Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Tiyatrosunun mekânsal yapısının ve mimari özelliklerinin geçirdiği değişimlerin, tarihsel süreç içerisinde gerçekleşen politik kırılmalar ve değişen sosyokültürel dinamiklerin belirleyici rolü üzerinden okunması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Tiyatrosu’nun gelişim çizgisi ve kurumsallaşma tarihi ele alınmıştır. Ardından 1923-1960 yılları arasını kapsayan süreçte sosyokültürel bağlamda yaşanan kırılmalar doğrultusunda kullanılan mekânlar ve yapılar tespit edilmiş; belirlenen örnekler mimari planlar, fotoğraflar ve belgeler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen en temel kazanım toplumsal gelişmelerin tiyatro yapılarının mimari karakterleri ve işlevlerini hangi yönlerde ve ne şekilde etkilediğini birebir görebilmek; dolayısıyla mimarlığı etkileyen temel dinamikleri de somut örnekler üzerinden okuyabilmek olmuştur.
The theatre concept has a multi-component structure with more than one layer. The theater space is one of the core parts of this multi-layer structure and is differentiated and diversified depending on the relationship that the theatrical art establishes with society. The place of the Turkish theatre includes changes related to historical, political and social reasons. The production practices of the Republican theater spaces change depending on the position of the theater in the daily life and the development processes. During the establishment of the Republic, the modern nation, according to the ideology of the establishment of the state, transforms the mission theatre charged into the theater into an educational instrument. In these years, the public transmission of the Republic’s ideologies and the education of the people through the theatre will be the priority goal. However, as the theatre is seen as a symbol of modernization, steps are taken in the name of creating an institution Turkish theatre. The support of the theatre institutions by the state, the opening of schools, the development of the city and state theatres, the increase in the number of private theatres, the need for the theater space and the theater building comes on the agenda. In this context, the theater spaces between 1923 and 1960 are located in the representative halls of the "Turkish Oak" and "Halkev" which are considered the educational and cultural centers of the period. After the 1950s, the emergence of new spaces such as the cinema and cultural centers and the increased interest of the public in these spaces resulted in the elimination of the need for the theater space in these structures. In the framework of the article, the changes in the spatial structure and architectural characteristics of the Republican Turkish Theatre are intended to be read through the decisive role of political breakdowns that occur in the historical process and changing socio-cultural dynamics. In this context, first of all, the development line and history of the Turkish Theatre of the Republic Period was discussed. Then the spaces and structures used in the process covering the years 1923-1960 in the social and cultural context were identified; the identified examples were studied through architectural plans, photographs and documents. The most fundamental achievement achieved in the study was to be able to see individually in what directions and how the architectural character and function of the theatrical structures of social developments influenced; therefore, the basic dynamics that influenced the architecture were to be able to read through concrete examples.
The concept of the theater has a multi-component structure with more than one layer. The theater space is one of the fundamental parts of this multi-layered structure and differentiates and diversifies depending on the relationship that theater art establishes with society. The spatial history of Turkish theater includes changes to political and social reasons. The production practices of the theater spaces of the Republican Period, on the other hand, change depending on the position of the theater in daily life and its development processes. In the founding period of the Republic, the mission attributed to the theater in line with the ideology of establishing a modern nation-state turns the theater into an educational tool. In these years, the priority target was to convey the ideologies of the Republic to the public and to educate the public through theatre. However, since the theater is seen as a symbol of modernization, steps are taken to create an institutional Turkish theater. With the support of theater institutions by the state, the opening of schools, the development of city and state theaters, and the increase in the number of private theaters, the need for theater space and theater building increases. In this context, between the years 1923 and 1960, theater spaces took their place in the representation halls of "Türk Ocakları" and "Halkevleri", which were seen as the education and cultural centers of the period. After the 1950s, the emergence of new spaces such as cinemas and cultural centers and the increasing interest of the public in these venues resulted in meeting the need for theater spaces in these buildings. Within the scope of the article; It is aimed to read about the changes in the spatial structure and architectural features of the Republican Period Turkish Theater through the political breaks that took place in the historical process and the decisive role of changing socio-cultural dynamics. Within this scope; primarily, the development line and the history of the institutionalization of the Turkish Theater in the Republican Period will be written. Then, the spaces and structures used in the process of 1923-1960 will be determined in line with the ruptures experienced in the socio-cultural context; determined examples will be examined through architectural plans, photographs and documents. In this context, first of all, the development line and institutionalization history of the Turkish Theater in the Republican Period were discussed. Then, in the period between 1923 and 1960, the spaces and structures used in line with the socio-cultural ruptures were determined; The determined examples were examined through architectural plans, photographs and documents. The most basic gain obtained as a result of the study is to be able to see exactly in which ways and how the social developments affect the architectural characters and functions of the theater structures; therefore, it was possible to read the basic dynamics affecting architecture through concrete examples.
Alan : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Hukuk; İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler; Spor Bilimleri
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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