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Avrupa’da kabaca XV. yüzyıldan XVIII. yüzyıla kadar geçen sürede askeri sahada gerçekleşen değişimleri Askeri Devrim tezleri ile açıklamaya çalışan araştırmacılar, bu dönemde gerçekleşen birtakım teknolojik, bilimsel, idari ve iktisadi gelişmeleri de söz konusu bu askeri yeniliklerle irtibatlandırmaktadırlar. Michael Roberts 1560-1660 tarihleri arasında Avrupa askeriyesinde görülen bir takım değişiklikleri Askeri Devrim olarak tanımlamıştır. Onun araştırmalarından sonra birçok tarihçi de bu konu hakkında kapsamlı araştırmalar yapmaya başlamıştır. Son yıllarda Osmanlı askeri tarihine olan ilginin giderek artması sonucunda Askeri Devrim’in hem Osmanlılara tesiri hem de Osmanlıların bu devrime katkıları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamızda bu araştırmalara da değinilmiştir. Avrupalı ve Rus rakipleri ile hem coğrafi yakınlığı hem çıkar ilişkileri bulunan Osmanlıların bu askeri yeniliklerden etkilenmemesi olanak- sızdı. Eğer Avrupa’da askeri bir devrim gerçekleşmişse Osmanlılar da bu devrimi bazı yönlerden yakalamışlardı. XVII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden başlayarak kaybedilen savaşlar ve topraklar askeri teknik ve teknolojilerin yanı sıra Askeri Devrim’in irtibatlı olduğu bilimsel-teknolojik, idari, iktisadi ve kurumsal yapıların da Batı’dan Osmanlılara doğru aktarılması mecburiyetini doğurmuştur. Bu gelişmeler XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarına gelindiğinde Osmanlı kültür hayatının ikili bir yapıya kavuşmasına neden olmuştur. Geleneksel eğitim kurumları olan medreselerde bilgi üretme faaliyetlerine devam eden ulema sınıfı eski gücünü kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Bunun karşısında çoğu askeri ve sivil bürokrat olan mütefenninler topluluğu güçlenmiştir. XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde bu yeni grubun üyeleri Avrupalı tarzda eğitim veren askeri okullar kurmaya başlamıştır. Daha sonra bunları sivil okullar takip etmiştir. Bu kurumlarda Avrupa’da gelişmekte olan yeni bilimler ve sanatlar okutulmaya başlanmıştır. Balistik, iktisat, mülkiye, inşaat, gemi yapımı ve matematik gibi disiplinler bu okullarda okutulan başlıca dersler olmuştur. Yukarıda verdiğimiz gelişmeler sonucunda Osmanlı-Türk modernleşmesinin temelleri inşa edilmiştir. Yeni bilimler ve teknoloji ile beraber askeri kurumlar da Askeri Devrim’in doğal bir sonucu olarak XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında Osmanlı mütefenninlerini diğer bilginler karşısında ayrıcalıklı bir konuma getirmiş, hatta bu bilginler diğer epistemik toplulukları yavaşça yönetimden uzaklaştırarak XX. yüzyılda tarih sahnesinden dışarı itmişlerdir.
Some researchers tried to explain the changes that occur in military developments approximately from the 15th century to the 18th century with the Military Revolution thesis. They linked some of the developments in technology, administration, science and economy to the military developments. Michael Roberts described a number of changes in the European military affairs between 1560 and 1660 as the Military Revolution. After his research, many historians began to do extensive research on this subject. As a result of the increasing interest in Ottoman military history in recent years, the effect of the Military Revolution on the Ottomans and the contributions of the Ottomans to this revolution were tried to be put forward. Ottomans were affected by these military developments because they had both geographical connection and mutual interest relationships with their European and Russian rivals. If a military revolution took place in Europe, the Ottomans tracked it down in some ways. The Otto-mans began to lose wars and territories in the last quarter of the 17th century. As a result of these developments, Ottomans had to transfer the military technologies and tactics along with scientific, administrative, economic and institutional structures from Europeans. These de- velopments caused the Ottoman cultural life to have a dual structure in the middle of the 18th century. The ulema class, which continues to produce knowledge in the madrasas, traditional educational institutions, has started to lose its previous power. On the other hand, the new scientist group called Mufennin started to gain strenght. They were mostly military and civil bureaucrats. In the last quarter of the 18th century, members of this new group began to establish European-style military schools. Then they were followed by civilian schools. New sciences and arts developing in Europe have begun to be used here. Disciplines such as ballistics, economics, management, civil engineering, ship building and mathematics have been the main subjects taught in these schools to come. This led to the construction of the foundations of Ottoman-Turkish modernization. As a natural consequence of the Military Revolution, the Ottoman epistemic group named "Mutefennin" introduced the new sciences and technologies to the Ottomans and they founded the new military and civil institutions. The Ottoman "mutefennins"started to get the privileged position over other scholars like ulema in the late 18th century and pushed other epistemic communities out of the stage of history in the 20th century.
ABSTRACT Some researchers tried to explain the changes that occur in military developments approximately from the 15th century to the 18th century with Military Revolution thesis. They linked some of the developments in technology, administration, science and economy to the military developments. Michael Roberts described a number of changes in the European military affairs between 1560 and 1660 as the Military Revolution. After his research, many historians began to do extensive research on this subject. As a result of the increasing interest in Ottoman military history in recent years, the effect of the Military Revolution on the Ottomans and the contributions of the Ottomans to this revolution were tried to be put forward. Ottomans were affected by these military developments because they had both geographical connection and mutual interest relationships with its European and Russian rivals. If a military revolution took place in Europe, the Ottomans tracked it down in some ways. The Otto- mans started to lose wars and territories in the last quarter of the 17th century. As a result of these developments, Ottomans had to transfer the military technologies and tactics along with scientific, administrative, economic and institutional structures from Europeans. These de- velopments caused the Ottoman cultural life to have a dual structure in the middle of the 18th century. The ulema class, which continues to produce knowledge in the madrasas, traditional educational institutions, has started to lose its previous power. On the other hand the new scientist group called mütefennin started to gain strenght. They were mostly military and civilian bureaucrats. In the last quarter of the 18th century, members of this new group began to establish European-style military schools. Then they were followed by civilian schools. New sciences and arts developing in Europe have started to be used here. Disciplines such as ballistics, economics, management, civil engineering, ship building and mathematics have been the main subjects taught in these schools to come. This led to the construction of the foundations of Ottoman-Turkish modernization. As a natural consequence of the Military Revolution, Ottoman epistemic group named “mütefennin” introduced the new sciences and the technologies to Ottomans and they founded the new military and civil institutions. The Ottoman “mütefennins”started to get the privileged position over other scholars like ulema in the late 18th century and pushed other epistemic communities out of the stage of history in the 20th century.
Alan : Güzel Sanatlar; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Dergi Türü : Ulusal
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