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25 Nisan 1922 Milletler Cemiyeti’nin 22. Maddesine göre, 28 Nisan 1919 da kurulan mandat sistemine dayanarak Suriye ve onun bir bölümü olarak tanımlanan Lübnan, “A” türü manda Yamaç, 2018:1157 olarak Fransa’ya verilmiştir. Manda yönetimi devlet yapısının şekillenmesinde ülkenin birbirinden farklı yapılarla karşı karşıya kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Manda yönetimi sadece gözetimi öngörmekle beraber ilerleyen dönemlerde Suriye ekonomisi üzerinden Fransız egemenliğine dönük politikaların uygulanma sahası haline gelmiştir. Bu süreçte Suriye de gümrük işlemlerinde sıkıntı, yüksek gümrük oranları Anadolu, Irak ve Filistin ile ticari ilişkilerin zayıflama ticari işlemlerde kurallar ile belirlenen standart ölçü birimlerinin olmaması ihracatın sürekli azalması ithalatın artması faiz oranlarının yüksek olması bu dönemin en önemli problemleri olarak görülmektedir. Çalışma da “Ticaret Vekaleti Mecmuası”nın 1925 tarihli Eylül sayısında yer alan Suriye’nin İktisadi durumu ile ilgili yer alan bilgiler çalışmanın temel konusu olmuştur. I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Suriye’nin Fransız manda yönetimine girmesiyle, ülkede devlet yapısının şekillenmesinde birbirinden farklı unsurlarla karşı karşıya kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Manda yönetimi sadece gözetimi ön görmekle beraber ilerleyen dönemlerde Suriye ekonomisi üzerinden Fransız egemenliğine dönük politikaların uygulanma sahası haline gelmiştir. Gelir getiren liman ve demir yollarının işletmeciliklerinin Fransız şirketlerine verilmesi, Suriye’deki Fransız askeri birliklerin masrafının Suriye gelir kaynaklarından sağlanması, tarım alanlarında büyük toprak sahiplerini koruyan politikalar takip edilmesi, Suriye’de üretilen tahıllardan yüksek karlar elde edilmesi, piyasa ve pazarları yöneterek Fransız tüccarlara yüksek oranlı kar elde edimine yardım edilmesi, her türlü dini ve ırk eğilimlerini kışkırtıcı politikalarda bulunması, gençliği etkileyen milli duygu aşılayan Suriye resmi okullarının bütçelerini azaltmaları, Fransız emellerine hizmet eden özel Katolik okulların sayılarını ve ödeneklerini yükseltmelerini, Suriye’de manda idaresini destekleyecek kişilerin yetiştirileceği okullar açmak, eğitim politikaları uygulamak, Fransızcayı Arapça ’ya eşit dil yaparken Arap İslam kültürü yerine Fransız klasikleri, Fransız tarih ve coğrafyasını eğitime yerleştirmek, Suriyeli öğrencileri Fransız bayrağını selamlamaya ve Fransız marşı söylemeye zorlamak, Suriye gazetelerini kontrol altına alarak manda döneminde Ermenileri destekleyen politikalar gerçekleştirmek, Fransızlar Suriye’de çeşitli söylentiler yayarak Suriye’nin tahıl ihracının yasaklanmasını sağlamış düşen tahıl fiyatları sebebiyle Fransız tüccarlar çok ucuza çok fazla miktarda tahıl almış, geleneksel ticaret şeklini sistematik olarak bozmak Avrupa’nın mallarına düşük gümrük vergileri uygulamak gibi Fransız egemenliğini yansıtan politikaları uygulama faaliyetlerine girişmişlerdir. Bu sebeple Suriye’nin ticari, bankacılık, gümrük dış ticaret gibi benzeri bir çok iktisadi içerikli konularının Fransız yönetimine bırakıldığı görülmektedir. Bu durum Suriye’nin iktisadi finansal boyutta manda yönetiminin güttüğü politika ve bu yönde şekillenen iktisadi yapılara göre yeni ticari boyutlara ve bileşenlere sahip olmuştur. Manda yönetimine giren Suriye’nin ilerleyen dönemlerde Suriye ekonomisinde Fransız ekonomisinin hakim olduğu politikaların uygulama alanı haline geldiği de bilgilerle ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma da sonuç olarak, Suriye’nin Fransız mandası altındaki idari üretiminin iktisadi açıdan önemli gelişme göstermediğini, ifade etmek yanlış olmazken, bunu tetikleyen sebepler olarak doğu batı farklılığı, Suriye’nin Osmanlı imparatorluğundan ayrılması, iktisadi ve siyasi coğrafyanın parçalanması ve manda idaresi altında sömürgeci düşüncelerle uygulanan iktisadi politikaların Suriye’de ki İktisadi gelişmeyi olumsuz yönden etkilediği dergide yer alan bilgilerden de anlaşılmaktadır.
25 April 1922 of the United Nations. According to the article, on the basis of the mandate system established on 28 April 1919, Syria and Lebanon, defined as a part of it, "A" type of mandate Yamaç, 2018:1157 was given to France. Manda administration has led to the formation of the state structure that the country faces different structures. The Manda administration has become the field of implementation of policies towards the French sovereignty through the Syrian economy in the periods of advance with only forecasting supervision. In this process, the trouble in the customs transactions in Syria, the high customs rates of Anadolu, Iraq and Palestine and the weakening of trade relations in the trade transactions, the lack of standard measurement units defined by the rules, the continuous decline of exports, the increase of imports, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, the high interest rates, and the high interest rates. The study was also the main subject of the study of the information on the economic situation of Syria, which was included in the September number of the "Commercial Council of Ministers" of 1925. After the First World War, with the entry of Syria into the French mandate, it has led to the formation of the state structure in the country facing different elements. The Manda administration has become the field of implementation of policies towards the French sovereignty through the Syrian economy in the advanced periods with only supervision. Giving the port and railways operations to French companies, providing the expenditure of the French military forces in Syria from the sources of income in Syria, pursuing policies protecting the large landowners in agricultural areas, obtaining high profits from the grains produced in Syria, helping French merchants to obtain high profits by managing the markets and markets, putting all kinds of religious and racial trends in provocative policies, reducing the budgets of the French military forces in Syria from the national feelings affecting the youth, increasing the number of private Catholic schools serving the French emiles and increasing their payments, developing the French government in France by supporting the French government, developing the French government by supporting the French government, developing the French government by supporting the French government, developing the French governmentThis is why many economic issues like trade, banking, and customs foreign trade in Syria are left to the French government.This situation has had new commercial dimensions and components according to the policy and the economic structures formed in this direction, which the economic financial dimension of Syria has been driven by the government.In the advanced periods of Syria’s Manda administration, it has also been attempted to reveal that the policies that the French economy dominates in the Syrian economy have become the area of application.The study also results in the fact that the administrative production of Syria under the French mandate has not shown significant economic development, while it is not wrong to say, the reasons that trigger it are the eastern-western differences, the departure of Syria from the Ottoman Empire, the breakdown of the economic and political geography and the economic policies implemented with colonial thoughts under the mandate administration in Syria that the economic development has been negatively affected by the journal.
The subject of this study is basically based on the information on the economic conditions of Syria as published on the “Journal of Ministry of Commerce” in September, 1925. According to article twenty-two of League of Nations on 25 April 1922, Syria and Lebanon, which was defined as a part of Syria, were entrusted to France as class “A” mandate based on the mandate system established on 28 April 1919. After the World War I, Syria was entrusted to French mandate but this caused Syria to encounter different elements in forming of state structure in the country. tur. Although mandate government requires only supervision, in the following periods it caused Syrian economy to become an area where policies for French domination could be implemented. The operation of income-generating ports and railways was transferred to French companies; the costs of French military troops in Syria were recovered by the Syrian source of income; the policies that protected major landowners were followed for the agricultural areas; a high profit was generated by the grains produced in Syria; French tradesmen were supported to generate higher income through management of market and marketplaces; policies that provoked any religious and racist tendency were pursued; the budget of Syrian official schools that instilled national feelings and influenced the youth was reduced, the number and allowance of private Catholic schools that served to the purpose of French was increased; they opened schools to educate people who would support mandate government in Syria and implemented educational policies; while they made French an equal language to Arabic, they put French classics, French history and geography into education instead of Arabic Islamic culture; they forced Syrian students to greet French flag and sing French anthem; they took control of Syrian newspapers and implemented policies supporting Armenian during the mandate period; the French spread rumor across Syria, resulting in prohibition of export of grains by Syria, thus French tradesmen purchased a large amount of grains at a very cheap price due to reduced price of grains; they systematically impaired the traditional method of trading; they imposed lower customs duty on the European goods; these all represent the policies that reflect the French domination. Therefore, a large number of economic matters such as Syria’s trade, banking, customs, foreign trade, etc. were entrusted to French management. This led Syria to have new commercial dimensions and components due to policies pursued by the mandate government in terms of economy and finance as well as newly formed economical structures. The mandate government caused the country to be faced with different structures in forming of the state structure. Although mandate government requires only supervision, in the following periods it caused Syrian economy to become an area where policies for French domination could be implemented. It is obvious that administrative management of Syria under the French mandate impaired the economic order of the country. One of the primary reasons that triggered this can include difference between the west and the east, broken economic and political geographies, economic policies implemented by colonial idea under the mandate government, high customs rate, lack of standard units of measurement, constant decrease in export, increased import, and high interest rates
Alan : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Dergi Türü : Ulusal
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