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  Citation Number 2
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Transhümanizmin Ölümsüzlük İddiasının Kelâm İlminin Varlık Anlayışı Çerçevesinde Kritiği
2022
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

Bilim ve teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte 20. Yüzyıl’da insanlık dijital bir dönüşüm yaşamaya başlamıştır. Dijital dönüşüm ile birlikte insan ve insana dair her şeyde ciddi bir değişimin oluşmaya başladığı görülmektedir. İnsanın insanla, çevreyle ve Tanrıyla ilişkisinin de etkilendiği birçok noktada farklı akımların ortaya çıktığını söyleyebiliriz. Bu akımların başında, insan ve âleme dair ortaya koyduğu amaçlar itibariyle en kapsamlı ve iddialısının transhümanizm olduğu ifade edilebilir. Teknolojiyi insanın geleceği açısından temel referans kabul eden transhümanizm, aynı zamanda topluma yönelik söylemleri ile kültürel, sosyal ve ideolojik bir insan hareketi olarak kabul edilir. Teknolojinin insan ve insana dair her alanda kullanılmasıyla refahın arttırılması, insan yaşamının uzatılması, hastalıkların ortadan kaldırılması gibi iddialarla beraber ölümsüzlüğü de bir amaç olarak benimsemektedir. Teknoloji ile ölümsüzlüğü elde edebileceğini iddia eden transhümanistler, bunun iki şekilde gerçekleşebileceğini savunur. Biyolojik ölümsüzlük olarak kabul edilen ilk anlayışta, insanın yaşlanmasına ve ölmesine sebebiyet veren her türlü biyolojik etkenin ortadan kaldırılması ve iyileştirilmesi neticesinde ulaşılacağı iddia edilir. İkincisi ise dijital veya sanal ölümsüzlük şeklinde olup insan bilincinin biyolojik bedenden bilgisayar ara yüzlerine aktarılması ve sonrasında istenilen herhangi bir varlığa monte edilmesi neticesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. İlahi dinlerin eskatolojik bahislerinin tamamlayıcı unsuru olan ölüme meydan okuma şeklinde kabul edilebilecek bu anlayışın ciddi bir şekilde irdelenmesi elzemdir. Bu çalışmada transhümanistlerin en önemli iddiası olarak kabul edilebilecek insanın bedensel-zihinsel ölümsüzlüğe erişebileceği iddiasının kelâm ilminin varlık anlayışı çerçevesinde kritiği yapılmıştır. Ölümsüz varlık anlayışının kelâm ilminin ebedî ve ezelî olarak nitelenen kadîm ve vâcib varlık anlayışı çerçevesinde ele alındığında, bunun imkânsız olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Transhümanistlerin ölümsüz olarak niteledikleri varlık, kelâm ilminde “sonradan yaratılan, var olması ve varlığını devam ettirebilmesi için başka bir varlığa ihtiyaç duyan”, anlamında kullanılan hâdis veya mümkün varlık kategorisinde değerlendirilebileceği söylenebilir. Transhümanistler, ölümsüz varlığın imkânını biyolojik iyileştirmeler veya dijital aktarım şeklinde ele aldıklarından, her iki varlık türünde de başkasına ihtiyacın olduğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla transhümanistlerin ölümsüzlük iddiasının yaşamın uzatılması şeklinde ele alınmasının daha makul olacağını söyleyebiliriz. Çünkü biyolojik veya dijital varlık olarak kabul ettikleri ölümsüz varlığın yaşamını devam ettirmesi birçok etken ile ilintilidir. Bu etkenler ortadan kalktığında varlığın da ortadan kalkması söz konusudur. Kelâm ilminde ölümsüz olarak kabul edilen varlığın, ölümsüzlük özelliği kendinden kaynaklı olup herhangi bir varlığa ihtiyaç duymamaktadır. Bu bağlamda ölümsüz varlık iddiasının yeniden gözden geçirilip yaşamın uzatılması şeklinde kabul edilmesi daha makul bir düşüncedir. Ölümsüzlük iddiasının yaşamın uzatılması şeklinde kabul edilmesi, kelâm ilmi açısından herhangi bir problem doğurmamaktadır. Hatta İslâm dini, insanın sağlıklı ve mutlu yaşayabilmesi için her türlü araç ve gerecin kullanılmasını da teşvik etmektedir.

Keywords:

Criticism of the Immortality of Transhumanism in the framework of the understanding of the existence
2022
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

The development of science and technology. In the century, humanity began to experience a digital transformation. With the digital transformation, it seems that a serious change in everything about man and man begins to occur. We can say that different flows appear at many points where the relationship of man with man, with the environment and with God is also affected. In the beginning of these flows, it can be stated that the most comprehensive and claimed objectives of humanity and universe are transhumanism. Transhumanism, which recognizes technology as a fundamental reference to the future of man, is also considered as a cultural, social and ideological human movement with its speeches towards society. With the use of technology in all areas of human and human affairs, the enhancement of well-being, the extension of human life, the elimination of diseases, the immortality is also a goal. The transhumanists who claim that technology can immortality, argue that this can happen in two ways. The first understanding of biological immortality is claimed to be achieved as a result of the elimination and healing of any biological factor that causes the ageing and death of a person. The second is in the form of digital or virtual immortality, which occurs as a result of the transfer of human consciousness from the biological body to the computer interfaces and then installed into any desired being. This understanding, which is the complementary element of the ecological bets of the divine religions, can be considered as a challenge to death, is seriously understood. This study has been criticized in the framework of the understanding of the existence of the word science of the claim that the person can access physical and mental immortality, which can be considered as the most important claim of the transhumanists. When the understanding of the immortal being is addressed in the framework of the understanding of the eternal and eternal existence, it turned out that it was impossible. It can be said that the existence that transhumanists call immortal can be assessed in the class of existence or possible, which is used in the word science in the meaning of "those who are created afterwards, who need another existence to exist and continue to exist." Since transhumanists deal with the possibility of immortal beings in the form of biological improvements or digital transmission, it seems that both kinds of beings need someone else. So we can say that it would be more reasonable to deal with the claim of immortality of transhumanists in the form of extension of life. Because the continuation of the life of the immortal being they consider as a biological or digital being is connected with many factors. When these factors disappear, the existence is also supposed to disappear. The characteristic of the existence, which is considered immortal in the word, is the characteristic of immortality that is derived from itself and requires no existence. In this context, it is more reasonable that the claim of immortal beings is reexamined and accepted in the form of extension of life. The acceptance of the claim of immortality in the form of extension of life does not cause any problem in terms of literary knowledge. Even the Islamic religion also encourages the use of all kinds of tools and requirements for the human being to live healthy and happy.

Keywords:

A Criticism Of The Claim Of Immortality In Transhumanism Based On The Understanding Of Existence In The Science Of Kalām
2022
Journal:  
Kader
Author:  
Abstract:

As a result of the developments in science and technology, humanity began to experience a digital transformation after the 19th century. With this digital transformation, it is seen that a serious change has occurred in human beings biologically, socially, and, more specifically, religiously. One could say that different trends have emerged at many points where human relations, the relationship of the human with the environment and with God are also affected. Among the most comprehensive and prominent of these trends is transhumanism because of its aims for humanity and the world. Transhumanism, which views technology as the main point of reference for the future of humanity, is also considered a cultural, social, and ideological human movement with its statements intended for society. It considers immortality as a goal, along with such claims as improving welfare, extending human life, and wiping out diseases by using technology in every aspect of human life. Transhumanists, who claim that they can achieve immortality thanks to technology, argue that this will happen in two ways. The first is biological immortality. It will be achieved by eliminating all kinds of biological factors that lead to humans aging and death. The second is digital or virtual immortality, which is achieved by transferring human consciousness from the biological body to computer interfaces and installing it in any desired entity. This perspective must be critically examined as it can be considered an attempt to challenge death, which is the basic doctrine of classical religions. In the present study, human immortality, considered the most important claim made by transhumanists, is criticized within kalām, Islamic theology. Of course, transhumanists’ account of human immortality is impossible, according to kalām. It can be said that transhumanists view of immortal human can be considered in the category of created beings, which is defined in kalām as "the being created later and needs another being in order to exist and to continue its existence". Given that transhumanists base the idea of the immortal being upon biological healing or digital transmission, it is clear that both types of beings need someone else. Therefore, one could say that it would be more reasonable to define transhumanists’ notion of immortality as the act of prolonging human life. It is because the life of immortal beings, accepted as biological or digital entities, is shaped by many factors. If these factors disappear, so does the being. On the other hand, the attribute of immortality, which belongs to the eternal being only, according to kalām, must come from itself without needing any other being. Therefore, the notion of immortal being suggested by the transhumanists must be reexamined within kalām and be redefined as the extension of life. The redefined immortality as the extension of life hardly poses kalāmī (or theological) problems. In fact, Islam encourages using all types of tools and equipment to enable humans to have a healthy and blissful life.

Keywords:

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Kader

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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