Görüntüleme
43
İndirme
2
Fıkıhçılar, yeni meseleler için fıkhi hükümler ortaya koymaya büyük çaba sarf etmişlerdir. Modern dönemlerde ortaya çıkan bazı fıkhi problemlere ve fıkıhçıların bunların hükmü noktasında nasıl hareket ettiklerine bakacak olursak bu noktada fıkıh konseylerinin önemli bir görev icra ettiğini görürüz. Yakın dönemlerde ortaya çıkan bu yeni meselelere ibadetler alanında bir örnek olarak, gece ve gündüz vakitlerinin 24 saati aştığı yerlerde bölgelerde namaz vakitlerinin belirlenmesi meselesi zikredilebilir. Malî muâmelât alanı da bankaların artması, ticareti işlemlerin çeşitlenerek çoğalması sebebiyle günümüzde fıkıh alanında ortaya çıkan yeni meselelerin başında gelmektedir. Fıkıh kuralları, İslam hukukunun genel hatlarını oluşturmaktadır. Bu kurallar, fıkıhçılar tarafından şerî kaynaklardan çıkartılarak özlü kelimelerle formüle edilmiş, İslam hukuk düşüncesinin veciz ifade biçimleridir. Öyle ki bu kuralların birçoğu hem İslam hukuku alanında hem de kanun alanında emsal teşkil edecek delil değerine ve bilinirliğe sahip olmuştur. Aynı zamanda hukukçular nezdinde de fıkhi kaidelerin birçoğu hukuk ilkesi olarak muteberdir. Çünkü bu kaideler; kanun, insanlar arası ilişkiler, hukuk ve yargı nezdinde sabit değerlere sahip hukuki ve zihinsel bir düşüncenin meyveleridir. Bu fıkıh kurallarından mali muâmelât alanına dair olanlardan bazıları şunlardır: “Ameller niyetlere göredir.” “Zarar vermek de zarara zararla karşılık vermek de yoktur.” “Mazarrât, menfaat mukabelesindedir.” “Menfaat tazmin karşılığındadır.” “Muâmelelerde karşılıklı rıza esastır.” “Müslümanlar öne sürdükleri şartları yerine getirirler.” “Davacıya delil, davalıya ise yemin gerekir.” “Ödünç alınan mal iade edilir.” “Borçlar emsalleriyle ödenir.” “Mal borçları kendileriyle ifa edilir.” “Akitlerde itibar maksat ve meâniye göredir, elfâz ve mebâniye göre değildir.” “Meşakkat teysîri celb eder.” “Muâmelelerde aslolan mübahlıktır.” “Muâmelelerde aslolan sıhhat, akitlerde aslolan geçerliliktir.” “Azının aksine garârın çoğu akdi ifsâd eder.” “İnsanların mallarını batıl yolla yemek haramdır.” “Asıl sakıt oldukta fer’i dahi sâkıt olur” ve diğerleri. Külli kaideler, genel fıkıh ilkelerini ve hükümlerini güzel bir şekilde tasvir etmektedir. Bu külli kurallar, ameli hükümleri tespit etmeyi kolaylaştıran teorik yol ve yöntemlerin ortaya çıkarılması olarak ifade edilir. Çeşitli fikhi hükümler, konuları ve mevzuları farklı olsa bile bu kaideler aracılığıyla açıklanabilmektedir. Nitekim fıkıh kuralları olmasaydı, fıkhi hükümler dağınık bir şekilde kalırdı. Bu kurallar, fıkıh ilminde o kadar önemli ve bunların faydaları çoktur ki bunlara hâkim olmak, fıkıhçının ilmi otoritesini arttırır, fetva yolları bu kurallarla belirginleşir, âlimler arasında fazilet sahibi olanlar bunlar sayesinde anlaşılır. Bununla birlikte, fıkhın kural ve kaidelerle anlatılması, bilgileri külli olarak gruplandırdığı ve başkalarına dağınık gelen bilgileri birleştirdiği için cüzî meselelerin hepsini ezberleme lüzumunu ortadan kaldırır. Fıkıh âlimleri, külli kural ve kaidelere şer’î kaynaklara bakarak ve onlardaki cüz’î nitelikli hükümleri okuyarak ulaşmışlardır. Bu külli kural ve kaideler, Kuran'ın vahyine ve sünnetin ortaya çıkmasına eşlik eden cüz’î ayrıntılar ve meselelerle sınırlı olmayan kapsamlı şer’î hükümleri ve dini sorumluluk sahibi/mükellef kişilerin hayatlarında karşılaşabilecekleri olayların benzerlerini içermektedir. Bu kural ve kaideler ile fıkıhçılar, insanların hayatlarındaki yenilikleri ve gelişmeleri kavrayabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle onlar, bu kurallara her zaman dikkat çekmiş, çeşitli akli ve nakli delillere dayanarak bunları genişletmiş ve farklı mezheplerde bu kural ve kaidelere dair telif çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Fakihlerin sözleri çerçevesinde fıkhi kural ve kaidelere çok büyük bir önem verildiğini, fıkıh ilminin gerek usul gerek füru alanıyla uğraşan her kişinin bu kurallardan müstağni kalamayacağını görmekteyiz.
The fighters have made a great effort to reveal fighters for new matters. If we look at some fictional problems that arise in modern times and how fictionalists act at their point of judgment, we see that at this point the fictional councils perform an important task. As an example of these new issues emerging in recent periods in the field of worship, the issue of determining the time of prayer in the areas where the night and day times exceed 24 hours can be mentioned. The financial trade area is also the beginning of the new issues that arise in the field of fiction because of the increase in banks, the diversification of trade transactions and the multiplication of new issues that arise in the field of fiction. The fighteous rules constitute the general lines of Islamic law. These rules are the vicious forms of expression of the Islamic law thought, formulated by the fighters from charitable sources. So many of these rules have had evidence value and awareness that will represent both the field of Islamic law and the field of law. At the same time, the lawyers also have many fighters as a legal principle. For these claims are the fruit of a legal and intellectual thought with fixed values in law, interpersonal relations, law and justice. Some of those who are in the field of financial behavior are: "The actions are the intentions." “There is no harm and no compensation for harm.” “Mazarraat is in the contribution.” “The benefit is in compensation. “The mutual agreement is essential.” “Muslims fulfill the conditions that they propose.” “The prosecutor must be proof, and the prosecutor must be sworn.” “The money borrowed will be returned.” “The debt is paid by the Emmy.” “The debt is borrowed with them.” “In the acts the reputation is for purpose and meanium, not for elfâz and meanium.” “The thief is the thief.” “There is a dispute in the motions.” “The truth is the truth, the truth is the truth, the truth is the truth.” “Most of the little ones, the little ones, the little ones, the little ones.” “It is forbidden to eat people’s goods in the wrong way.” “When it is true, it will be true, and the others will be true.” Those who are good, are good, they are good, they are good, they are good. These religious rules are expressed as the discovery of the theoretical ways and methods that facilitate the identification of practical provisions. Different intellectual provisions, subjects and positions, even if different, can be explained through these claims. If there were no rules of fiction, the fictional rulings would remain distorted. These rules are so important in the science of fiction and their benefits are so many that judging them increases the authority of the science of fiction, the pathways of fiction are cleared by these rules, and those who have the benefits among the worlds are understood through them. Nevertheless, the narration of the fiction by rules and codes eliminates the lust of remembering all the currency matters, because it groups the information as a cult and combines the information that diffuses to others. Those who have seen the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, the wicked, and the wicked. These religious rules and claims include comprehensive charity provisions that are not limited to the details and matters that accompany the revelation of the Qur’an and the appearance of the Sunnah and similar events that religious responsibilities/religious persons may encounter in their lives. With these rules and rules, the fighters can understand the innovations and developments in people’s lives. Therefore, they have always attracted attention to these rules, expanded them on the basis of various intellectual and translational evidence, and in different disciples have been carried out authorship studies on these rules and rules. We see that in the framework of the words of the Fakihs, a great importance is given to the fighteous rules and rules, and that every person who deals with the fighteous field needs to be able to remain exempt from these rules.
Fiqh scholars made great efforts to develop fiqh judgments on new issues. If we look at some of these issues and how fiqh scholars judge them, we see that fiqh councils were established for this. For example, as one of these new issues in the field of prayers, the issue of restriction of prayer times in places where day and night times exceed 24 hours can be mentioned. The field of financial transaction is the field of fiqh, where most new issues are encountered today due to the widespread use of banks, trade and other issues in this field. Fiqh rules constitute the general lines of Islamic Sharia law. These rules are concise forms of expression of Islamic legal thought, which have been formulated with concise words, extracted from Islamic sources by fiqh scholars. So much so that many of these rules have evidentiary value and recognition that will set a precedent both in the field of Islamic law and in the laws of many countries. Many of them express legal principles that are credible by jurists. Because these rules; They are the fruits of a legal and mental thought with fixed values before the law, inter-human relations, law and judiciary. Some of these fiqh rules regarding financial transactions are as follows: "Actions are based on intentions", "documentation", "both causing harm and retaliation to it with another harming act are prohibited", "benefit is in return for compensation", "benefit is in return for responsibility", "mutual consent in transactions" , "Muslims fulfill their conditions", "evidence to the plaintiff and oath to the defendant", "the return of the borrowed property", "the protection of the aims of the Islamic law", "the debts are paid by their precedents", "the debts of the property are fulfilled by themselves", " recognition of agreements is based on purpose and meanings, not wordings and building blocks”,“ hardship invites ease ”,“ what is essential in transactions is permissibility ”,“ what is essential in transactions is completeness and, it is validity in contracts ”,“ too much of gharār (danger, risk, unknowingly endangering life or property) ruins the contract contrary to the lesser, “It is haram to exploit one’s goods in invalid ways ”,“ when it is essential is invalid, even the secondary becomes invalid ”and others. Fıqh rules beautifully depict general fiqh principles and decrees. These fiqh rules are expressed as revealing the theoretical ways and methods that make it easier to identify the branches of practical fiqh judgments. Various judgements in different fields can be explained through these rules, even if the subjects and subjects of various practical judgements are different. As a matter of fact, if there were no fiqh rules, fiqh judgments would remain scattered. These rules are so important and useful in the discipline of fiqh that being able to master these rules increases the value of the fiqh scholars, the ways of fatwā become clear with these rules, and those who are virtuous among scholars are understood thanks to them. However, comprehending fiqh with rules and rules eliminates the need to memorize all of the minor issues as it groups the information collectively and combines the information that is scattered to others. Fiqh scholars have reached the general rules and precepts by looking at Shariah sources and by reading the partial decrees in them. These general rules and precepts include the comprehensive religious decrees that are not limited to the partial details and issues that accompany the revelation of the Qur'an and the emergence of the Sunnah, and similar events that may be encountered in the lives of those who have religious responsibility. With these rules and precepts, fiqh scholars can grasp the innovations and developments in people's lives. For this reason, they have always paid attention to these rules, expanded them on the basis of various logical and transmitted evidences, and showed the level of care to make copyright studies on these rules and rules in different sects. We see that, within the framework of the words of fiqh scholars, a great deal of importance is attached to fiqh rules and principles, and that anyone dealing with the discipline of fiqh, either in the field of principles and methodology or in the field of djuzz al-fiqh, can not abstain from these rules.
Alan : İlahiyat
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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