Özet:

In this research, I focused used the techniques of cultural criticism to examine the poetry of the Khārijites of the Umayyad period, and specifically, the work of al-Ṭirimmāh for its focus on topics other than politics and religion. Cultural criticism aims to reveal the hidden messages in text, that is, the messages that the creator conveys to the recipients indirectly, and which are lost behind the words and between the lines. Cultural criticism explores an author’s ideology by extracting the deeper meanings from the text. It generally includes studies of style and rhetoric and draws on psychological analysis of literature. It uncovers the social and political background of the author and the text and tries to extract the linguistic indicators, religious, moral, political or cultural, then analyzes them to demonstrate how they influence the recipients. While cultural criticism is concerned with the text it is also concerned with the author and the audience, because it is together that they construct meaning. The concept of cultural criticism is an important critical methodology in contemporary Arab critical studies, and it has occupied a distinguished position in the critical milieu for more than two decades. There has been much talk in recent decades about the extent to which modern critical approaches are able to study ancient Arabic poetry with its tools. This study wanted to prove that we can study ancient literary heritage with modern critical tools. al-Ṭirimmāh was an Umayyad poet, who belonged to the Kharijite sect and used to celebrate it in his poems. He was a public voice for the group at that time. In the Umayyad era, intellectual life flourished remarkably, and this was reflected in literature and poetry, but at the same time, the political situation in the Umayyad state was like a quiet static volcano, but it could explode at any moment. The Khārijites were a religious sect, and they were known for fighting religious wars. As for al-Ṭirimmāh, he was a highly skilled poet and an eloquent orator. He was given the name al-Ṭirimmāh because he always held his head proudly. Although he was one of the most famous poets of the Khārijites, he did not speak directly about their religious and political ideas. As for the poetry of al-Ṭirimmāh, we do not find the kind words and gentle feelings that the Khārijite literature was famous for, and we find only a little religious and political poetry. The poet relied on sending hidden messages in his poems and communicating his ideas with two things: first, pride in himself, his tribe, and the religious group whose ideas he adopted, and second, reminding the Umayyad authority of the importance of the Khārijites and their assistance to the Umayyad authority to establish the pillars of the caliphate. al-Ṭirimmāh felt injustice and lack of appreciation and that he did not get what he deserved, as he is a glorious poet, so the topic of self-pride abounded in his poems. He relied on the method of argumentation and logical discussions, and the use of strong words and expressions in his poetry, in line with the spirit of the Umayyad era in which he lived, and his desire to prove himself. From what we reach at the end of this research, the poetry of the Khārijites is full of hidden cultural gestures. And studies that are concerned with the structure of texts were able to prove their ability to extract the sources of literary and artistic beauty in ancient Arabic poetry and prose.

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