Abstract:

We performed a laboratory experiment to compare the response of the two genotypes of spring durum wheat to excessive chloride salinity and osmotic stress. The cultivars differed in field tolerance to drought when grown under conditions of the steppe zone of the Altai Territory, Russia. To simulate osmotic stress, solutions of polyethylene glycol 6000 and sodium chloride were used, whose osmotic potential was 11 MPa. The control was distilled water. We evaluated the following traits: seed germination, shoot length, root length, the number of primary roots, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight. The studied genotypes turned out to be more sensitive to stress triggered by a high content of sodium chloride in the environment. The main damaging factors under the action of excess salts are complex osmotic and toxic effects. A higher seed germination and a more developed root system of seedlings of ?Bezenchukskaya 210?, as compared to ?12S1-14?, confirm the ability of the drought-tolerant genotype to osmotic adjustment under osmotic stress. Keywords: Durum wheat; osmotic stress; drought; salinity; seed germination; seedling; shoot and primary root traits; sodium chloride; polyethylene glycol 6000 References: Ahmad, M. Zaffar, G., Razvi, S. M., Dar, Z. A., Mir, S. D., Bukhari, S. A., & Habib, M. (2014). Resilience of cereal crops to abiotic stress: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(29), 2908-2921. doi: 10.5897/AJBX2013.13532 Alian, A., Altman, A., & Heuer, B. (2000). Genotypic difference in salinity and water stress tolerance of fresh market tomato cultivars. Plant Science, 152, 59-65. Al-Yassin, A. & Khademian, R. (2015). Allelic variation of salinity tolerance genes in barley ecotypes (natural populations) using EcoTILLING: A review article. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 15(4), 563-572. doi: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.4.12579 Blum, A. (2011). Plant breeding for water-limited environments. New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer, 38-40. Blum, A. (2017). Osmotic adjustment is a prime drought stress adaptive engine in support of plant production. Plant, Cell & Environment, 40, 4-10. Djibril, S., Mohamed, O. K., Diaga, D., Diégane, D., Abaye, B. F., Maurice, S., & Alain, B. (2005). Growth and development of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedlings under drought and salinity stresses. African Journal of Biotechnology., 4(9), 968-972. Dodd, G.L., & Donovan, L.A. (1999). Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1146-1153. El-Hendawy, S. E., Hu, Yc., & Schmidhalter, U. (2005). Evaluating salt tolerance of wheat genotypes using multiple parameters. Europenian Journal of Agronomy, 2, 243-253. Freeman, C. E. (1973). Germination response of a Texas population of ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens Engelm) to constant temperature, water stress, pH and salinity. The American Midland Naturalist, 89, 252-256. Genc, Y., Hu, Yc., & Schmidhalter, U. (2007). Reassessment of tissue Na+ concentration as a criterion for salinity tolerance in bread wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment, 30, 1486-1498. Gregorio, G. B., Senadhira, D., Mendoza, R. D., Manigbas, N. L., Roxas, J. P., & Guerta, C. Q. (2002). Progress in breeding for salinity tolerance and associated abiotic stresses in rice. Field Crops Research, 76, 2-3, 91-101. James, R. A., Munns, R., & Von Caemmerer, S. (2006). Photosynthetic capacity is related to the cellular and subcellular partitioning of Na+, K+, and Cl– in salt-affected barley and durum wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment, 29, 2185-2197. Jones, H. G. (2007). Monitoring plant and soil water status: established and novel methods revisited and their relevance to studies of drought tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 119-131. Kawasaki, T., Akiba, T., & Moritsgu, M. (1983). Effects of high concentrations of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on the growth and ion absorption in plants. I. Water culture experiments in a green house. Plant Soil, 75, 75-85. Khan, M. I., Shabbir, G., Akram, Z., Shah, M. K. N., Ansar, M., Cheema, N. M., & Iqbal, M. S. (2013). Character association studies of seedling traits in different wheat genotypes under moisture stress conditions. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 45(3), 458-467. Khayatnezhad, M., Gholamin, R., Jamaati-e-Somarin, S. H., & Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad, R. (2010). Study of NaCl salinity effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars at germination stage. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 128-132. Levitt, J. (1980). Salt and ion stress. In: Levitt, J. (Ed.), Responses of plant to environmental stress. Water, radiation, salt and other stresses. New York: Academic Press, 2, 365-406. Mordi, P., & Zavareh M. (2013). Effects of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 2(3), 70-74. Morgan, J. M. (1992). Osmotic components and properties associated with genotypic differences in osmoregulation in wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 19, 67-76. Munns, R., James, R. A., & Läuchli, A. (2006). Approaches to increasing salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 1025-1043. Murillo-Amador, B. R., Lopez-Aguilar, R., Kaya, C., Larrinaga-Mayoral, J., & Flores-Hernandez, A. (2002). Comparative effects of NaCl and polyethylene glycol on germination, emergence and seedling growth of cowpea. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 188, 235-247. Ober, E. S., & Sharp, R. E. (2007). Regulation of root growth responses to water deficit. In: Jenks, M. A. et al. (Eds.), Advances in molecular breeding towards drought and salt tolerant. Dordrecht: Springer, 33-53. Rhoades, D. (1990). Principle effects of salts on soils and plants. Water, soil and crop management relating to the saline water: Expert Consultation, AGL/-MISC/16/90. Italy, Rome: FAO. Sayar, R., Bchini, H., Mosbahi, M., & Ezzine, M. (2010). Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination, emergence and seedling growth of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(15), 2008-2016. Sharp, R. E., Poroyko, V., & Hejlek, L. G. (2004). Root growth maintenance during water deficits: physiology to functional genomics. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 2343-2351. Smith, P. T., & Comb, B. G. (1991). Physiological and enzymatic activity of pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum) during priming. Physiologia Plantarum, 82, 71-78. Veselov, D. S. (2009). Rost rastyazheniem i vodnyj obmen v usloviyah deficita vody: avtoref. dis. … dokt. biol .nauk. Ufa, 47. (in Russian). Veselov, D. S., Sharipova, G. V., & Kudoyarova, G. R. (2008). Vliyanie NaCl zasoleniya na reakcii sortov yachmenya, razlichayushchihsya po zasuhoustojchivosti. Agrohimiya, 10, 18-26. (in Russian).

Keywords: