Özet:

This study aims to debate relation between civil society and state, in axis of ontological, epistemological, methodological and political opinion of Hegel, Marx and Gramsci by revealing philosophical continuity and breaks with each other. In this context, according to Hegel who placed Geist which he said to be revealed as spirit of history, at the center of his ontology, the whole universe and everything related to the existence of man has come to being with “Geist’s” opening of itself in an infinite manner. According to Hegel, while family and civil society are the obligation and conflict fields where Geist imprisoned, state as the most competent manifestation of Geist, has an ethical, universal and transandantal quality. Hegel have reached this understanding with dialectic method. According to Marx, what makes history is not “Geist” but human activities which are shaped with social and economic conditions. Marx who followed Hegel in methodological terms has broken away from Hegel ontologically and replaced his idealism with materialism. According to Marx who put material relations of production at the center, state is not ethical and universal, but an instrument of the ruling class as a reflection of conflicts in civil society that is field of economic relations. Gramsci has revealed motive role of superstructure with Hegelian continuities by exceeding with historical block which is organic and holistic unity of structure and superstructure, economic determinism problem that Marxism fell into. According to Gramsci who based on his hegemony theory this historical block, civil society turn into field of economic, political and ideological hegemonic struggle and the state turn into unity of force and consent equipped with hegemony, rather than a simple pressure instrument.

Anahtar Kelimeler: