Özet:

The objective of this paper is to explore the process and procedures of addressing human psychological problems, or organic-looking issues concealing psychological problems, throughout the history. This paper examines the deep-rooted strivings to seek solutions to human psychological problems that culminated in scientific psychotherapy and eventually in psychotherapy integration. It has been Sigmund Freud who marked the beginning of the history of a scientific psychotherapy that involved written and recorded data that can be examined, assessed, and criticized. Freud’s search for the neurobiological roots of human psyche resulted in his definition of the psychic apparatus as a mental representation. The zeitgeist paved the way for evidence-based medicine and scientific paradigm to enter the universities, and psychotherapies began to move along two different paths. Freud’s psychoanalytic method developed independently in psychoanalytic institutes, creating its own literature enriched by case presentations and discussions. The other path included the behavioralistic start point that could be observed, experimented, tested, measured, and assessed as a result of evidence-based medicine. Along with the development of statistical methods and more sophisticated tools to assess the workings of the brain as the source of human mind, this psychotherapy approach that began with behavioralism evolved to a cognitive paradigm and began to examine the impact of psychopathology and workings of the mind on information processing and assessment. As a result, universities shifted from behavioralism to cognitive perspective, integrating behavioral and cognitive methods in the process. As the cognitive-behavioral process moved along this path, psychoanalytic literature evolved from one-person psychotherapies to two-person psychotherapies, and to right-brain emphasis indicated by neurobiology. Both schools aimed at forming an evidence-based literature of what is going on in human brain. The current point is integration of psychotherapies that evolved from one-person therapies to two-person therapies, system therapies, and chaos theories, on the basis of subjectivity and contextualism. This paper addresses this process, beginning with the historical sources through the scientific paradigm, current neurobiological findings, and the final destination of chaos theory.

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