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Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi olarak ilan edilen Covid-19 virüsüne karşı ev sahibi devletler insan sağlığını ve ekonomiyi korumak için birçok tedbir almıştır. Bu tedbirler başta havacılık, turizm ve enerji sektörleri olmak üzere birçok sektörden yabancı yatırımcının zarara etmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Zarara uğrayan yabancı yatırımcıların ev sahibi devletler aleyhine milletlerarası yatırım tahkimine başvurmaları muhtemeldir. Bu noktada alınan tedbirlerin milletlerarası yatırım tahkiminde yer alan bazı temel ilkeler ışığında değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Öncelikle Covid-19 salgını sebebiyle ev sahibi devletlerin almış oldukları önlemler yatırımcıların “haklı beklentilerinin” aleyhine olduğu takdirde adil ve eşit davranma yükümlülüğüne aykırılık söz konusu olur. Yine yabancı yatırımların yönetimine yapılan ağır ve sürekli nitelikteki müdahalelerin dolaylı kamulaştırma olarak kabul edilmesi söz konusu olabilir. Ayrıca bazı yatırım anlaşmalarında devletler, yatırıma tam koruma ve güvenlik sağlayacaklarını belirtmişlerdir. Böyle bir taahhüdün olduğu anlaşmalar sebebiyle ev sahibi devletler yabancı yatırımcıya uygun bir iş ortamı sağlamak zorundadırlar. Yine en çok gözetilen ulus kaydının olduğu yatırım anlaşmalarına taraf devletlerin mensupları, Covid-19 salgını sebebiyle alınan tedbirlerde üçüncü bir ülkeye mensup yabancı yatırımcıdan daha dezavantajlı koşullara sahip olmaması gerekir. Ayrıca ev sahibi devletin aynı pazar içerisinde bulunan kendi yatırımcılarına destek sağlarken yabancı yatırımcıya sağlamaması durumunda ulusal muamele standardına aykırılık oluşabilir. Diğer yandan devletlerin Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle almış oldukları tedbirlerden dolayı sorumluluktan kurtulmalarını sağlayabilecek bazı savunmalar söz konusudur. Bu kapsamda zorunluluk hali, mücbir sebep, polis kudreti doktrini ve anlaşmalarda yer alan istisna hükümleri devletlerin yararlanabilecekleri bazı savunmaları oluşturmaktadır.
The host countries have taken many measures to protect human health and economy against the Covid-19 virus, which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. These measures have led to the damage of foreign investors from many sectors, primarily the aviation, tourism and energy sectors. Foreign investors who are damaged are likely to apply for international investment arbitration against host states. The measures taken at this point should be assessed in the light of some of the basic principles included in the international investment arbitration. First of all, the measures taken by host states due to the Covid-19 epidemic are a violation of the obligation of fair and equal behavior if they are contrary to the "fair expectations" of investors. Again, serious and continuous interventions in the management of foreign investments may be regarded as indirect privatization. In some investment agreements, the governments have also stated that they will provide full protection and security for the investment. Due to the agreements in which such a commitment is made, host states must provide a suitable business environment for foreign investors. Furthermore, the member states in the investment agreements with the most monitored national record should not have disadvantages more than the foreign investor belonging to a third country in the measures taken due to the Covid-19 epidemic. In addition, it may be a violation of the national standards of treatment if the host state does not provide support to its own investors within the same market while providing support to foreign investors. On the other hand, there are some defences that can allow the states to get rid of responsibility for the measures they have taken due to the Covid-19 epidemic. In this context, the condition of obligation, the reason for the dispute, the doctrine of police power and the exceptions in the agreements constitute some of the defences that the states can benefit.
States have taken many measures to protect human health and the economy against the Covid-19 virus, which has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The measures that have been taken have caused foreign investors to suffer losses in many sectors. It is likely that foreign investors who suffered damages will refer their claims to an international investment arbitration. The measures taken should be evaluated in light of some of the basic principles in international investment arbitration. First of all, if the measures taken by the host states due to the Covid-19 pandemic are against the legitimate expectations of the investors, they will be in violation of the fair and equitable treatment standard. Also, the responsibilities of the states may arise due to the acceptance of heavy and continuous interventions in the management of foreign investments as indirect expropriation. In addition, due to full protection and security standards, states have to provide a suitable business environment for foreign investors. Moreover, the measures taken due to the Covid-19 outbreak may be against the most favoured nation clauses. Lastly, if the host state does not provide support to foreign investors while providing support to its own investors in the same market, it may violate the national treatment standard. On the other hand, there are some conditions that can enable states to avoid responsibility for the measures they have taken due to the Covid-19 outbreak. In this context, states can benefit from the doctrine of necessity, force majeure, the police powers doctrine and treaty exceptions.
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