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ÖZ Aydınlanma; bilim ve düşünceye karşı olan Orta Çağ’ın negatif, yıkıcı, batıl inanç içeren irrasyonel yapısını rasyonelliğe dönüştürmeye çalışan bir yönelimdir. Edebiyat, felsefe, sanat ve bilimsel faaliyetler vasıtasıyla yayılan aydınlanma; insan aklının başkasının rehberliğinden kurtarılması ve insanın kendi yargılama yetisini kullanması şeklinde anlaşılır. Akılla açıklanamayan her türlü etkinlik de pozitivist anlayışa aykırı olarak değerlendirilir ve bu nedenle ritüele uzun süre mesafeli yaklaşılır. Oysa toplumun belleğinde, kültüre dayalı duygularla açıklanamayan türlü imgeler kayıtlıdır. Bu imgeler, toplumun gereksinimlerine verilen yanıtlarla görünür hâle gelir. Bireysel ve toplumsal bir varlık olan insan, din ve din dışı olmak üzere her türlü kutsal karşısında bir davranış geliştirmeye ihtiyaç duyar. Simgesel katılım ile icra edilen bu davranış biçimi, toplumun kutsal olarak tanımladığı ritlerdir. Kollektif bilincin bir tezahürü olan ritler; insana aidiyet duygusu yaşatan, insanın kutsal olanla ilişkilerini tayin eden ve belirli bir disiplin içinde gerçekleştirilen eylemlerdir. Aydınlanma öncesi dönemde doğanın ve her şeyin üstünde düşünülen kutsal, pozitivist düşünceye paralel biçimde zamanla genel olarak doğada ve özel olarak varlığın doğasında katışık hâlde tasavvur edilir. İnsanın ve toplumun zaman içinde geçirdiği düşünsel evrim, “kutsal” algısında da değişim meydana getirir. Değişen “kutsal” algısı, ritlerin yeniden tanımlanmasını zarurî kılar. İnsanın metafiziği anlama ve kavramadaki çaresizliği ile aşkınlığa teslimiyeti, ritlerin ortaya çıkış nedenlerindendir. Bu olgu, her dönemde insanın aşkın varlık ya da düşünce karşısında belirli davranış kalıpları geliştirmesi sonucunu doğurur. İnsanın kültürel ve düşünsel evrim aşamaları, şuurlu bir canlı olan insanın ritüelsiz kalamadığını, ritüelin işlevsel olarak görevini yerine getirmeye devam ettiğini ortaya koyar. Türk edebiyatında batılılaşma ile birlikte modernleşmenin bir tezahürü olarak ortaya çıkan roman, bireyin/toplumun yeniden düzenlenmesine ve yapılandırılmasına yönelik önemli bir başlangıçtır. Reşat Nuri Güntekin, romanlarında aydınlanma düşüncesinin inşa edici programını roman kurgusuna yerleştirir. Yazar, kahramanlarını ergin olmayış durumundan kurtarma, aklın ve bilimin ışığında bir aydın tipi oluşturma gayesi güder. Aydınlanma fikrini Anadolu’nun her köşesine duyurmayı ve insanları eğitmeyi vazife edinmiş gezgin öğretmen idealiyle hareket eder. İstanbul’da gittikçe kuvvetlenen ve etkisini artıran zihnî değişim, taşraya yabancıdır. Anadolu’da ise halk, eskinin yerini dolduracak yeninin ne olduğunu tam olarak bilemediği için eski zihniyeti devam ettirir. Güntekin’in değiştirmek istediği; aklı, bilimi, düşünceyi, felsefeyi dışlayan bunların yerine bağnazlığı ve cehaleti yaşatan zihniyettir. Ancak zihniyet değiştirme amacı güdülürken toplumun kendine has kültünün göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiği ya da bunun bir zorunluluk olduğu gerçeğine Güntekin’in romanlarında rastlanır. Türk halk kültürünü romanlarında kullanan Güntekin, insanı; toplumun bir ögesi olarak işler ve yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir aracı olan ritüelle iç içe gösterir.
Self Enlightenment is a direction that tries to transform the irrational structure of the Middle Ages against science and thought, which contains negative, devastating, wicked beliefs, into rationality. The illumination spread through literature, philosophy, art and scientific activities is understood in the form of the rescue of human mind from the guidance of others and the use of man’s own judgment capacity. Any activity that is uninterpreted by mind is also considered contrary to the positivist understanding, and therefore it is approaching the ritual for a long time. However, in the memory of society, images are recorded which are not explained by cultural-based emotions. These images become apparent with the responses given to the needs of society. The human being, a individual and social being, needs to develop a behavior against all kinds of holy, religious and non-religious. This form of behavior performed by symbolic participation is the rituals that society defines as sacred. Rites, a manifestation of collective consciousness, are acts that experience a sense of belonging to man, that determine his relationship with the holy and that are carried out within a specific discipline. In the pre-illumination period, the holy, positivist thought of nature and of everything is painted in parallel with time in nature in general and in particular in the nature of existence. The mental evolution of man and society over time also changes the perception of the "holy". The changing “sacred” perception makes the re-definition of the rituals unnecessary. The metaphysics of a person in understanding and disappointment in the concept and submission to love, is one of the causes of the appearance of rites. This phenomenon results in the development of certain patterns of behavior in each period of love against the existence or thought. The phases of human cultural and mental evolution show that a conscious living person cannot remain unreliable, that the ritual continues to functionally fulfill its duty. The novel, which appears in Turkish literature as a manifestation of modernization along with westernization, is an important beginning towards the reorganization and structure of the individual/society. Reşat Nuri Güntekin puts the building program of the thought of illumination in his novels. The writer aims to save his heroes from the state of unwillingness, to create a bright type in the light of mind and science. The idea of enlightenment moves with the ideal of a traveler teacher who has been committed to announcing the idea in every corner of Anadolu and educating people. The mental change that is increasingly strengthened and increasingly influenced in Istanbul is strange to it. In Anadolu, the people continue the old minds because they don’t know exactly what the new is to fill the old. The mind that Güntekin wants to change is the mentality that lives in intelligence and ignorance instead of those that exclude science, thought, and philosophy. But the purpose of changing mind is driven by the fact that society’s own cult should not be neglected or that it is an obligation is found in Güntekin’s novels. Güntekin, who uses Turkish people’s culture in his novels, treats man as a subject of society and introduces himself to the ritual, which is an indispensable means of life.
Abstra ct Enlightenment is an orientation that tries to transform the negative, destructive, superstitious irrational structure of the Middle Ages against science and thought into rationality. The enlightenment spread through literature, philosophy, art and scientific activities; The liberation of the human mind from the guidance of someone else is also understood as the use of one’s own judgment. Any activity that cannot be explained by reason is also against the positivist understanding. Therefore, the ritual is approached at a distance for a long time. Whereas various images that cannot be explained in terms of culture-based feelings are recorded in the memory of the society. As an individual and social being, human beings need to develop a behavior against all kinds of sacred, religious and non-religious. The intellectual and perceptual evolution that human beings and society go through over time also creates a change in the perception of “sacred”. In the Middle Ages, in parallel with the sacred, rational thought envisioned above all and nature, it begins to be envisioned as immanent in nature in general and in the nature of being in particular. The changing perception of “sacred” necessitates the redefinition of the rites. The new understanding of ritual that emerged under the influence of rational thought in modern times manifests itself in an inherent state in man. The historical process reveals that the human being as a conscious ritual creature cannot be without ritual, and that the ritual essentially continues to function functionally even if it changes its shell. Man’s helplessness in understanding and comprehending metaphysics and his surrender to transcendence led to the emergence of rites; It has resulted in the development of certain behavioral patterns in the face of transcendent being or thought. The novel, which emerged as a manifestation of modernization with westernization in Turkish literature, is an important beginning for the reorganization and restructuring of the individual / society. Güntekin places the constructive program of the idea of enlightenment in the fiction of the novel. The mental change, which is getting stronger and increasing its influence in Istanbul, is foreign to the provinces and the people in Anatolia maintain the old mentality since they do not know exactly what the new is to replace the old. Güntekin, who uses Turkish folk culture in his novels, functions as an element of society and is an indispensable shows intertwined with ritual, which is a vehicle.
Field : Güzel Sanatlar; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Ulusal
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